(c) govern the responsibility for misuse of the right of information;
(d) afford the opportunity to refuse to provide information that would force the person referred to in paragraph 1 to admit his own participation or that of his close relatives in an infringement of an intellectual property right; or
(e) govern the protection of confidentiality of information sources or the processing of personal data.
Article 25.56. Provisional and Precautionary Measures
1. Each Party shall ensure that its judicial authorities, on request of the applicant, have the authority to issue against the alleged infringer an interlocutory injunction intended to prevent any imminent infringement of an intellectual property right, or to forbid, on a provisional basis and subject, if appropriate, to a recurring penalty payment if provided for by its law, the continuation of the alleged infringements of that right, or to make that continuation subject to the provision of guarantees intended to ensure the compensation of the right holder. An interlocutory injunction may also be issued, under the same conditions, against an intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right. For the purposes of this Article, "intermediaries" include internet service providers.
2. An interlocutory injunction may also be issued to order the seizure or delivery up of goods suspected of infringing an intellectual property right, so as to prevent their entry into or movement within the channels of commerce.
3. Each Party shall provide that, in the case of an alleged infringement, its judicial authorities have the authority to order the precautionary seizure of the movable and immovable property of the alleged infringer, including the blocking of his bank accounts and other assets. To that end, the competent authorities may order the communication of bank, financial or commercial documents, or appropriate access to the relevant information. (81)
Article 25.57. Remedies
1. Each Party shall ensure that the competent judicial authorities have the authority to order, on request of the applicant and without prejudice to any damages due to the right holder by reason of the infringement, and without compensation of any sort, the destruction or at least the definitive removal from the channels of commerce, of goods that they have found to infringe an intellectual property right. Each Party shall ensure that, if appropriate, the competent judicial authorities may also order destruction of materials and implements predominantly used in the creation or manufacture of those goods.
2. In considering a request for remedies, the need for proportionality between the seriousness of the infringement and the remedies ordered as well as the interests of third parties shall be taken into account.
Article 25.58. Injunctions
Each Party shall ensure that, if a judicial decision finds an infringement of an intellectual property right, the competent judicial authorities have the authority to issue against the infringer, as well as against an intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right, an injunction aimed at prohibiting the continuation of the infringement.
Article 25.59. Damages
1. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities have the authority at least to order the infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in activities infringing intellectual property rights, to pay the right holder damages adequate to compensate for the injury the right holder has suffered as a result of the infringement of its intellectual property right. (82)
2. In determining the amount of damages pursuant to paragraph 1, the judicial authorities of each Party shall take into account all appropriate aspects and have the authority to consider, among other things, any legitimate measure of value the right holder submits, including lost profits, the value of the goods or services that are the object of the infringement, measured by the market price, or the suggested retail price.
3. Each Party shall provide that, at least in cases of infringement of copyright or related rights and trademark counterfeiting, its judicial authorities have the authority to order the infringer, at least in the cases referred to in paragraph 1, to pay the right holder the infringer's profits that are attributable to the infringement. A Party may comply with this paragraph through a presumption that those profits correspond to the damages referred to in paragraph 1.
4. Each Party may provide that the judicial authorities may order in favour of the injured party the recovery of profits or the payment of damages which may be pre-established, where the infringer did not knowingly, or without reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity.
Article 25.60. Legal Costs
Each Party shall ensure that reasonable and proportionate legal costs and other expenses incurred by the successful party shall as a general rule be borne by the unsuccessful party, unless equity does not allow this.
Article 25.61. Publication of Judicial Decisions
Without prejudice to its law governing the protection of confidentiality of information sources or the protection of personal data, each Party shall ensure that, in legal proceedings concerning the infringement of an intellectual property right, the competent judicial authorities have the authority to order, on request of the applicant, appropriate measures for the dissemination of the information concerning the decision, including displaying the decision and publishing it in full or in part.
Article 25.62. Presumption of Authorship or Ownership
1. Each Party shall recognise that, for the purposes of applying the measures, procedures and remedies provided for in this Sub-Section, in the absence of proof to the contrary, it is sufficient for the name of an author of a literary or artistic work to appear on the work in the usual manner, in order for the author to be regarded as such, and consequently to be entitled to institute infringement proceedings.
2. Paragraph 1 applies, mutatis mutandis, to the holders of rights related to copyright with regard to their protected subject matter.
Article 25.63. Administrative Procedures
To the extent that any civil remedy can be ordered as a result of administrative procedures on the merits of a case, such procedures shall conform to principles equivalent in substance to those set out in this Sub-Section.
Article 25.64. Voluntary Stakeholder Initiatives
Each Party shall endeavour to facilitate voluntary stakeholder initiatives to reduce infringements of intellectual property rights, including online and in other marketplaces, which focus on concrete problems and seek practical solutions that are realistic, balanced, proportionate and fair for all stakeholders concerned.
Section D. Border Enforcement
Article 25.65. Consistency with GATT and the TRIPS Agreement
In implementing border measures for the enforcement of intellectual property rights by customs authorities, whether or not covered by this Agreement, each Party shall ensure consistency with its obligations under GATT and the TRIPS Agreement and, in particular, with Article 41 and Section 4 of Part III of the TRIPS Agreement.
Article 25.66. Border Enforcement Measures Related to Intellectual Property Rights
1. Each Party shall have in place procedures allowing for the destruction of goods infringing intellectual property rights, in accordance with Articles 46 and 59 of the TRIPS Agreement.
2. With respect to goods under customs control, each Party shall ensure that its customs authorities are active, in accordance with its laws and regulations and in coordination with other relevant authorities, in targeting and identifying shipments containing goods suspected of infringing trademarks, copyright or other intellectual property rights. At least with regard to import goods, these activities should be carried out on the basis of risk analysis.
3. Each Party shall adopt and maintain a centrally managed electronic database relating at least to trademarks and industrial designs, which shall serve as a relevant tool for cooperation between the competent authorities and right holders, free of charge, and for the provision of information for risk analysis. Each Party shall endeavour to extend the electronic database for risk analysis to other intellectual property rights.
4. Each Party shall ensure that information provided by the right holder is automatically included in the electronic database provided that it complies with the relevant requirements, in accordance with its laws and regulations. The validation of the information provided by a right-holder shall be automatic or done within a reasonable period of time by the competent authorities of each Party.
5. The Parties recognise the benefits of maintaining and improving an electronic database, with a view to contributing to the detection of infringements of intellectual property rights and to providing elements to initiate the procedure of the suspension or detention of goods under customs control.
6. Each Party shall provide that its customs authorities may act on their own initiative to suspend the release of or detain goods suspected of infringing an intellectual property right, or to inform the right holder or the relevant authorities in order to allow them to assess the need to initiate a procedure that may lead to the suspension or detention of those goods.
7. A Party is encouraged to have in place procedures allowing for the swift destruction of counterfeit trademark and pirated goods sent through postal or express couriers' consignments.
8. The customs authorities of each Party shall maintain a regular dialogue and promote cooperation with stakeholders and with other authorities involved in the enforcement of the intellectual property rights referred to in this Article.
9. The Parties shall cooperate with respect to international trade in goods suspected to infringe intellectual property rights and, in particular, to share information on such trade, in accordance with their laws and regulations.
10. The Parties shall have a regular exchange on the proper implementation and administration of this Article.
Section E. Final Provisions
Article 25.67. Cooperation and Transparency
1. The Parties shall cooperate with a view to supporting the implementation of this Chapter.
2. Areas of cooperation include, but are not limited to, the following activities:
(a) the exchange of information on developments in the domestic and international policy regarding intellectual property rights;
(b) the exchange of information on intellectual property laws and regulations of the Parties, including initiatives or amendments;
(c) the exchange of experience between the Parties on the enforcement of intellectual property rights;
(d) coordination to prevent trade of counterfeit goods, including with third countries;
(e) technical assistance, capacity building, and exchange and training of personnel;
(f) the protection and defence of intellectual property rights and the dissemination of information in this regard in, among others, business circles and civil society;
(g) education and awareness raising relating to intellectual property rights, including the impact of infringements of intellectual property rights on the economy and the safety of consumers;
(h) enhancement of institutional cooperation, particularly between the authorities in charge of intellectual property rights;
(i) collaboration with SMEs, including at SME-focused events or gatherings, regarding protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights and reducing infringements; and
(j) exchange of information between the Parties regarding efforts to facilitate voluntary stakeholder initiatives in their respective territories.
3. The Sub-Committee on Intellectual Property established pursuant to Article 1.10 (Sub‑Committees and Other Bodies of Part III of this Agreement) shall monitor the implementation and administration of this Chapter and any other relevant matters.
The Sub-Committee on Intellectual Property shall meet at least once per year, except if the Parties agree otherwise.
4. Each Party shall designate a contact point to facilitate cooperation and coordination under this Chapter, and notify the other Party of its contact details. The Parties shall promptly notify each other of any changes to those contact details.
Chapter 26. TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Article 26.1. Objective and Scope
1. The objective of this Chapter is to enhance the integration of sustainable development in the trade and investment between the Parties, notably by establishing principles and actions concerning labour (83) and environmental aspects of sustainable development of specific relevance in the context of trade and investment.
2. The Parties recall Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development of 1992, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992; the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development of 2002; the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization of 2008 adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 97th Session, Geneva, 10 June 2008; the Outcome Document of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development of 2012, incorporated in Resolution 66/288 adopted by the UN General Assembly on 27 July 2012, entitled "The Future We Want"; and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development document "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development".
3. Consistent with the instruments referred to in paragraph 2, the Parties shall promote:
(a) sustainable development, which encompasses economic development, social development and environmental protection, all three being inter-dependent and mutually reinforcing;
(b) the development of international trade and investment in a manner that contributes to the objective of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals; and
(c) inclusive green growth and circular economy so as to foster economic growth while ensuring environmental protection and promoting social development.
Article 26.2. Right to Regulate and Levels of Protection
1. The Parties recognise the right of each Party to determine its sustainable development policies and priorities, to establish its levels of domestic environmental and labour protection and to adopt or modify its relevant laws and regulations, and policies as it deems appropriate. Such levels, laws and regulations, and policies shall be consistent with each Party's commitment to the internationally recognised standards and agreements referred to in Articles 26.3 and 26.4.
2. Each Party shall strive to ensure that its relevant laws and regulations, and policies provide for and encourage high levels of environmental and labour protection; and shall continue to strive to improve such laws and regulations, and policies and their underlying levels of protection.
3. A Party should not weaken the levels of protection afforded in its environmental or labour law in order to encourage trade or investment.
4. A Party shall not waive or derogate from, or offer to waive or derogate from, its environmental or labour law in order to encourage trade or investment.
5. A Party shall not, through a sustained or recurring course of action or inaction, fail to effectively enforce its environmental or labour law in order to encourage trade or investment.
Article 26.3. Multilateral Labour Standards and Agreements
1. The Parties affirm their commitment to promote the development of international trade in a way that is conducive to full and productive employment and decent work for all, in particular women, young people and persons with disabilities.
2. In accordance with the International Labour Organization Constitution and the International Labour Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 86th Session, Geneva, 18 June 1998, each Party shall respect, promote and effectively implement the principles concerning the fundamental rights at work, as defined in the fundamental International Labour Organization (hereinafter referred to as "ILO") conventions, which are:
(a) freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;
(b) the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour;
(c) the effective abolition of child labour; and
(d) the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
3. Pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2 and underlining the commitment of the Parties to support multilateral governance, each Party shall effectively implement the ILO conventions and protocols it has ratified.
4. Each Party shall make continued and sustained efforts towards ratifying the fundamental ILO conventions.
5. The Parties shall regularly exchange information on their respective progress with regard to ratification of the fundamental ILO conventions and related protocols and of other ILO conventions or protocols to which they are not yet party and which are considered as up-to-date by the ILO.
6. The Parties shall consult as appropriate and should cooperate on trade-related labour issues of mutual interest, including in the context of the ILO.
7. Recalling the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization of 2008, the Parties note that the violation of fundamental principles and rights at work cannot be invoked or otherwise used as a legitimate comparative advantage and that labour standards should not be used for protectionist trade purposes.
8. Each Party shall promote decent work as defined in the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization of 2008. Each Party shall, in accordance with its conditions and priorities, pay particular attention to:
(a) developing and enhancing measures for occupational safety and health, including compensation in case of occupational injury or illness, as defined in the relevant ILO conventions and other international commitments;
(b) decent working conditions for all, with regard to wages and earnings, working hours and other conditions of work; and
(c) maintaining an effective labour inspection system in accordance with its international commitments and relevant ILO standards.
9. Each Party shall ensure that its administrative, judicial and labour tribunal proceedings for the enforcement of its labour law are fair, accessible and transparent, and permit effective action against infringements of labour rights referred to in this Chapter.
Article 26.4. Multilateral Environmental Governance and Agreements
1. The Parties recognise the importance of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and multilateral environmental governance and agreements as a response of the international community to global or regional environmental challenges and aim to enhance the mutual supportiveness between trade and environment policies.
2. Pursuant to paragraph 1 and in order to support multilateral environmental governance, each Party shall effectively implement the multilateral environmental agreements, protocols and amendments to which it is a party.
3. The Parties shall regularly exchange information on their respective initiatives regarding the ratifications of multilateral environmental agreements, including their protocols and amendments.
4. The Parties shall consult as appropriate and should cooperate on trade-related environmental matters of mutual interest, including in the context of multilateral environmental agreements.
5. The Parties acknowledge the right of each Party to invoke Article 32.1 (General Exceptions) in relation to measures taken pursuant to multilateral environmental agreements to which they are party.
Article 26.5. Trade and Climate Change
1. The Parties recognise the importance of pursuing the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), done at New York on 9 May 1992, in order to address the urgent threat of climate change and recognise the role of trade to that end.
2. Pursuant to paragraph 1, each Party shall:
(a) effectively implement the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, including through actions that contribute to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in accordance with the Paris Agreement;
(b) promote the positive contribution of trade to the transition to a sustainable low-carbon economy and to climate-resilient development; and
(c) promote green economic growth based on actions on climate change mitigation and adaptation, including ecosystem-based adaptation, renewable energies and energy-efficient solutions.
3. The Parties should cooperate on trade-related matters concerning climate change bilaterally, regionally and in international fora, as appropriate, including in the UNFCCC, the WTO and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Article 26.6. Trade and Biological Diversity
1. The Parties recognise the importance of conserving and sustainably using biological diversity and the role of trade in pursuing those objectives, consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) done at Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and its Protocols, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) signed at Washington D.C. on 3 March 1973 and other relevant international instruments to which they are party, including the decisions and resolutions adopted thereunder.
2. Parties recognise that mainstreaming the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity across relevant sectors of the economy and strengthening legal, institutional and regulatory domestic frameworks can contribute to generating positive impacts on biological diversity and its ecosystem services as well as to achieving sustainable development.
3. Pursuant to paragraph 1, each Party shall:
(a) implement effective measures to combat illegal wildlife trade, including through cooperation activities with third countries as appropriate;
(b) promote the inclusion of animal and plant species in the Appendices to CITES where the conservation status of that species is considered at risk because of international trade and conduct periodic reviews, which may result in a recommendation to amend the Appendices to the CITES, in order to ensure that they properly reflect the conservation needs of species subject to international trade;
(c) promote the long-term conservation and sustainable use of CITES listed species, including their legal and traceable trade, while providing benefits to stakeholders in the value-chain, in particular to the local communities where CITES listed species are obtained;
(d) take measures to conserve biological diversity when it is subject to pressures linked to trade and investment, in particular through measures to prevent the spread of invasive alien species; and
(e) exchange information with the other Party on initiatives on trade in natural resource-based products with the aim of promoting conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote such trade.
4. Each Party should cooperate with the other Party bilaterally, regionally and in international fora, including with relevant stakeholders, on matters concerning trade and the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as on combatting illegal wildlife trade, including through initiatives to reduce demand for illegal wildlife products and specimens, and to enhance cooperation on law enforcement and information sharing.
Article 26.7. Trade and Sustainable Management of Forests
1. The Parties recognise the importance of sustainable forest management and the role of trade in pursuing this objective.
2. Pursuant to paragraph 1, each Party shall:
(a) encourage the conservation and sustainable management of forests and the promotion of trade and consumption of timber and timber products from sustainably managed forests;
(b) promote trade in forest products that has not given rise to deforestation or forest degradation;
(c) implement measures to combat illegal logging and related trade, including through cooperation activities with third countries as appropriate; and
(d) exchange information with the other Party on trade-related initiatives on forest governance and on the conservation of forest cover, and cooperate with the other Party to maximise positive impacts and ensure the mutual supportiveness of their respective policies of mutual interest.
3. Each Party should cooperate with the other Party bilaterally, regionally and in international fora, including with relevant stakeholders, on matters concerning trade and the conservation of forests as well as sustainable forest management.
Article 26.8. Trade and Sustainable Management of Marine Biological Resources and Aquaculture
1. The Parties recognise the importance of conserving and sustainably managing marine biological resources and marine ecosystems as well as of promoting responsible and sustainable aquaculture with the aim of ensuring sustainable economic, environmental and social conditions; and the role of trade in pursuing these objectives.
2. The Parties acknowledge that illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (hereinafter referred to as "IUU fishing") has negative impacts on trade and the environment, and confirm the need for action to end IUU fishing to address the problems of overfishing and unsustainable utilisation of fisheries resources.
3. Pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2, each Party shall:
(a) act in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea done at Montego Bay on 10 December 1982, the United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks opened for signature at New York on 4 December 1995, the Food and Agriculture Organization Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas approved on 24 November 1993 by Resolution 15/93 of the 27th Session of the Food and Agriculture Organization Conference, the Food and Agriculture Organization Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries adopted on 31 October 1995 by the Food and Agriculture Organization Conference, and the Food and Agriculture Organization Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing approved on 22 November 2009 at the 36th Session of the Food and Agriculture Organization Conference;
(b) implement long-term conservation and management measures and sustainable exploitation of marine living resources as defined in the main United Nations and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) instruments relating to these issues; (84)
(c) participate actively in the work of the regional fisheries management organisations of which both Parties are members, observers or cooperating non-contracting parties, with the aim of ensuring the sustainable exploitation, management and conservation of marine biological resources and the marine environment, including, if applicable, active participation in the adoption of management, conservation and control measures by those regional fisheries management organisations and their effective implementation and enforcement, including, where applicable, catch documentation or certification schemes;
(d) implement effective measures to combat IUU fishing, including measures to exclude IUU fishing products from trade flows, and cooperate and exchange information to that end; and
(e) promote the development of sustainable and responsible aquaculture, including with regard to the implementation of the objectives and principles contained in the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
4. Each Party should cooperate with the other Party and within regional fisheries management organisations and other international fora with the aim of achieving sustainable fisheries management.
Article 26.9. Trade and Responsible Management of Supply Chains
1. The Parties recognise the importance of responsible management of supply chains through responsible business conduct and corporate social responsibility practices, which contribute to an enabling environment, and the role of trade in pursuing the objective of responsible management of supply chains.
2. Pursuant to paragraph 1, each Party shall:
(a) promote corporate social responsibility or responsible business conduct, including by encouraging the uptake of relevant practices by businesses; and
(b) support the dissemination and use of relevant international instruments, such as the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy adopted in Geneva in November 1977, the UN Global Compact and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights endorsed by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 17/4 of 16 June 2011.
3. The Parties recognise the utility of international sector-specific guidelines in the area of corporate social responsibility or responsible business conduct, such as the OECD Due Diligence Guidance documents for responsible supply chains, and shall promote joint work in this regard, including with respect to third countries. Each Party shall promote the uptake of those guidelines supported by that Party.
4. Each Party shall exchange information as well as best practices and, as appropriate, cooperate with the other Party bilaterally, regionally and in international fora on matters covered by this Article.
Article 26.10. Other Trade and Investment-Related Initiatives Favouring Sustainable Development
1. The Parties confirm their commitment to enhancing the contribution of trade and investment to the goal of sustainable development in its economic, social and environmental dimensions.
2. Pursuant to paragraph 1, each Party shall promote:
(a) trade and investment policies that support the objectives of the ILO Decent Work Agenda, and are consistent with the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization of 2008, including policies with regard to wages, earnings and working hours, inclusive social protection, health and safety at work, and other aspects related to working conditions;
(b) trade and investment facilitation in environmental goods and services, including those of particular relevance for climate change mitigation such as sustainable and renewable energy and energy efficient products and services by, among others, addressing related non-tariff barriers, adopting policy frameworks conducive to the deployment of best available technologies and cooperating in relation to initiatives in that area; and
(c) trade in goods that contribute to enhanced social conditions and environmentally sound practices, including goods that are covered by voluntary sustainability assurance schemes such as fair and ethical trade schemes and eco-labels.
3. Each Party should cooperate with the other Party bilaterally, regionally and in international fora on matters covered by this Article.