(a) "consumer" means any natural person, or enterprise if provided for in the law of the Party concerned, using or requesting a publicly available telecommunications service for purposes outside their trade, business, craft or profession;
(b) "data message" means information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, optical or similar means;
(c) "electronic authentication service" means a service that enables to confirm:
(i) the identity of a natural person or enterprise, or
(ii) the origin and integrity of a data message from the time when it was first generated in its final form;
(d) "electronic signature" means data in electronic form affixed to or logically associated with a data message, which may be used to identify the signatory of that data message and to indicate its approval of the information contained in that data message, to ensure its origin and integrity in a way that any subsequent alteration in the data is detectable;
(e) "electronic trust service" means an electronic service consisting of the creation, verification and validation of electronic signatures, electronic time stamps, electronic registered delivery, certified digitisation services, website authentication and certificates related to those services;
(f) "end-user" means any natural person, or enterprise if provided for in the law of the Party concerned, using or requesting a publicly available telecommunications service, either as a consumer or for trade, business, craft or professional purposes;
(g) "trust service provider" means a natural person or enterprise who provides electronic trust services; and
(h) "unsolicited commercial electronic message" means an electronic message, including at least electronic mail, short message system (SMS) and multimedia message system (MMS) messages, which is sent for commercial purposes, without the consent of the recipient or despite the explicit rejection of the recipient, directly to end-users via a telecommunications network and, to the extent provided for under the law of a Party, other telecommunications services.
ARTICLE 19.2
Scope
1. This Chapter applies to measures of a Party affecting trade enabled by electronic means.
2. This Chapter does not apply to:
(a) gambling services;
(b) broadcasting services;
(c) audio-visual services;
(d) services of notaries or equivalent professions;
(e) legal representation services; and
(f) government procurement with the exception of Articles 19.7, 19.8 and 19.11.
ARTICLE 19.3
General Principles
The Parties recognise the economic growth and opportunities provided by digital trade and the importance of adopting frameworks that promote consumer confidence in digital trade and of avoiding unnecessary barriers to its use and development.
ARTICLE 19.4
Right to regulate
The Parties affirm the right to regulate within their territories in order to achieve legitimate policy objectives, such as those relating to public health, social services, public education, safety, environment, public morals, social or consumer protection, privacy and data protection, the promotion and protection of cultural diversity, or competition.
ARTICLE 19.5
Customs Duties on Electronic Transmissions
1. A Party shall not impose customs duties on electronic transmissions between a person of a Party and a person of the other Party.
2. For greater certainty, paragraph 1 does not preclude a Party from imposing internal taxes, fees or other charges on electronic transmissions, provided those taxes, fees or charges are imposed in a manner consistent with this Agreement.
ARTICLE 19.6
No Prior Authorisation
1. Each Party shall ensure that the supply of services by electronic means is not subject to prior authorisation.
2. Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to authorisation requirements which are not specifically and exclusively targeted at services provided by electronic means, or which apply to telecommunications services.
ARTICLE 19.7
Electronic Contracts
Each Party shall ensure that its legal system allows the conclusion of contracts by electronic means and that those contracts shall not be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely on the ground of having been concluded by electronic means. 10
ARTICLE 19.8
Electronic Trust and Authentication Services
1. A Party shall not deny the legal validity of an electronic trust or an electronic authentication service solely on the basis that the service is provided in electronic form.
2. A Party shall not adopt or maintain measures regulating electronic trust and electronic authentication services that would:
(a) prohibit parties to an electronic transaction from mutually determining the appropriate electronic methods for their transaction; or
(b) prevent parties to an electronic transaction from having the opportunity to establish before judicial or administrative authorities that their electronic transaction complies with any legal requirements with respect to electronic trust and electronic authentication services.
3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, a Party may require that, for a particular category of electronic transactions, the method of electronic authentication meets certain performance standards or is certified by an authority accredited in accordance with its law. Such requirements shall be objective, transparent and non-discriminatory and shall relate only to the specific characteristics of the category of electronic transactions concerned.
4. The Parties shall encourage the use of interoperable electronic trust and electronic authentication services, and the mutual recognition of electronic trust and electronic authentication services provided by recognised trust services providers.
ARTICLE 19.9
Protection of Online Consumers
1. The Parties recognise the importance of maintaining and adopting transparent and effective measures that contribute to consumer trust, including but not limited to measures that protect consumers from fraudulent and deceptive commercial practices when they engage in electronic commerce transactions.
2. Each Party shall adopt or maintain measures that contribute to consumer trust, including measures that proscribe fraudulent and deceptive commercial practices that cause harm or potentially cause harm to consumers.
3. The Parties recognise the importance of cooperation between their respective consumer protection agencies or other relevant bodies on activities related to electronic commerce between the Parties in order to improve consumer trust and thereby enhance consumer welfare.
ARTICLE 19.10
Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Messages
1. Each Party shall adopt or maintain measures that:
(a) require senders of unsolicited commercial electronic messages to facilitate the ability of end‑users to prevent ongoing reception of those messages; or
(b) require the consent, as specified according to the laws and regulations of each Party, of recipients to receive commercial electronic messages.
2. Each Party shall ensure that unsolicited commercial electronic messages are clearly identifiable as such, clearly disclose on whose behalf they are sent and contain the necessary information to enable end-users to request cessation free of charge and at any moment.
3. Each Party shall provide recourse against senders of unsolicited commercial electronic messages that do not comply with the measures adopted or maintained pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2.
4. The Parties shall endeavour to cooperate in appropriate cases of mutual concern regarding the regulation of unsolicited commercial electronic messages.
ARTICLE 19.11
Source Code
1. A Party may not require the transfer of, or access to, source code of software owned by a natural person or enterprise of the other Party.
2. For greater certainty, paragraph 1 does not:
(a) prevent a Party from adopting or maintaining measures to achieve a legitimate public policy objective, including to ensure security and safety, for instance in the context of a certification procedure, in accordance with Articles 18.13 (Prudential Carve-Out), 32.1 (General Exceptions) and Article 32.5 (Security Exception); and.
(b) apply to the voluntary transfer of or granting of access to source code on a commercial basis by a person of the other Party, for instance in the context of a public procurement transaction or a freely negotiated contract.
3. Nothing in this Article shall affect:
(a) requirements by a court, administrative tribunal or competition authority to remedy a violation of competition laws;
(b) intellectual property rights and their enforcement; and
(c) the right of a Party to take any action or not disclose any information that it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests relating to the procurement of arms, ammunition or war materials, or to procurement indispensable for national security or for national defence purposes.
ARTICLE 19.12
Open Internet Access
Each Party shall endeavour to ensure that, subject to applicable policies and laws and regulations, end-users in its territory are able to:
(a) access, distribute and use services and applications of their choice available on the Internet, subject to reasonable and non-discriminatory network management;
(b) connect devices of their choice to the Internet, provided that such devices do not harm the network; and
(c) have access to information on the network management practices of their Internet access service supplier.
ARTICLE 19.13
Cooperation
1. Recognising the global nature of digital trade, the Parties shall cooperate on regulatory matters and best practices through the existing sectoral dialogues, which shall, among others, address:
(a) the recognition and facilitation of interoperable cross-border electronic trust and authentication services;
(b) the treatment of direct marketing communications;
(c) the challenges for small and medium-sized enterprises in digital trade;
(d) the protection of consumers and the building of consumer trust in the ambit of electronic commerce;
(e) common cyber security issues; and
(f) any other matter relevant for the development of digital trade.
2. The cooperation on regulatory matters and best practises referred to in paragraph 1 shall focus on the exchange of information and views on the Parties' respective legislation on those as well as on the implementation of such legislation.
3 The Parties affirm the importance of actively participating in multilateral fora to promote the development of digital trade.
ARTICLE 19.14
Review Clause on Data Flows
The Parties shall reassess within three years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement the need for inclusion of provisions on the free flow of data into this Agreement.
Chapter 20. CAPITAL MOVEMENTS, PAYMENTS AND TRANSFERSAND TEMPORARY SAFEGUARD MEASURES
ARTICLE 20.1
Current Account
Without prejudice to other provisions of this Agreement, each Party shall allow any transfers or payments with regard to transactions on the current account of the balance of payments between the Parties that fall within the scope of this Agreement, in freely convertible currency, and in accordance with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund adopted in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire on 22 July 1944, as applicable.
ARTICLE 20.2
Capital Movements
Without prejudice to other provisions of this Agreement, each Party shall allow, with regard to transactions on the capital and financial account of balance of payments, the free movement of capital for the purpose of liberalisation of investments and other transactions, as provided for in Chapter 10 (Investment Liberalisation), Chapter 11 (Cross-Border Trade in Services), Chapter 12 (Temporary Presence of Natural Persons for Business Purposes) and Chapter 18 (Financial Services).
ARTICLE 20.3
Application of Laws and Regulations Relating toCapital Movements, Payments or Transfers
1. Subparagraph 6(a) of Article 18.2 (Scope), as well as Articles 20.1 and 20.2 shall not preclude a Party from applying its laws and regulations relating to:
(a) bankruptcy, insolvency and the protection of the rights of creditors;
(b) issuing, trading or dealing in financial instruments;
(c) financial reporting or record keeping of capital movements, payments or transfers where necessary to assist law enforcement or financial regulatory authorities;
(d) criminal or penal offences, or deceptive or fraudulent practices;
(e) ensuring compliance with orders or judgments in adjudicatory proceedings; or
(f) social security, public retirement or compulsory savings schemes.
2. Those laws and regulations shall not be applied in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner, or in a manner which otherwise constitutes a disguised restriction on capital movements, payments or transfers.
ARTICLE 20.4
Temporary Safeguard Measures
1. In exceptional circumstances of serious difficulties for the operation of the European Union's economic and monetary union, or threat thereof, the European Union may adopt or maintain safeguard measures with regard to capital movements, payments or transfers. Those measures shall be limited to the extent that is strictly necessary to address such difficulties and shall be in force for a period not exceeding six months.
2. Measures imposed by the European Union pursuant to paragraph 1 shall not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between Mexico and a third country. The European Union shall inform Mexico forthwith and present a schedule for the removal of such measures as soon as possible.
ARTICLE 20.5
Restrictions in Case of Balance of Payments, External Financingand Macroeconomic Difficulties
1. A Party may adopt or maintain restrictive measures with regard to capital movements, payments or transfers: 11
(a) in cases of serious balance-of-payments or external financial difficulties, or threat thereof; 12 or
(b) in cases of exceptional circumstances in which payments or transfers relating to capital movements cause or threaten to cause serious macroeconomic difficulties related to monetary and exchange rate policies in Mexico or a Member State of the European Union.
2. The measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall:
(a) be consistent with the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, as applicable;
(b) not exceed those necessary to deal with the situation described in paragraph 1;
(c) be temporary and be phased out progressively as the situation specified in paragraph 1 improves;
(d) avoid unnecessary damage to the commercial, economic and financial interests of the other Party;
(e) not treat the other Party less favourably than a third country in like situations; and
(f) not be used as a substitute for macroeconomic policies that are needed for warranted external adjustment.
3. In the case of trade in goods, a Party may adopt or maintain restrictive measures in order to safeguard its external financial position or balance of payments. Those measures shall be in accordance with Article XII of GATT 1994 and the Understanding on the Balance of Payments Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994.
4. In the case of trade in services, a Party may adopt or maintain restrictive measures in order to safeguard its external financial position or balance of payments. Those measures shall be in accordance with Article XII of GATS.
5. A Party shall endeavour not to adopt or maintain measures that take the form of tariff surcharges, quotas, licenses or similar measures. The Party shall explain the rationale for using these restrictive measures when it notifies the other Party of the measures.
6. A Party adopting or maintaining measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall promptly notify them to the other Party.
7. If restrictive measures are adopted or maintained pursuant to Article 20.4 or this Article, the Parties shall promptly hold consultations in the Sub-Committee on Services and Investment unless consultations are held in other international fora to which both Parties are members. The consultations shall assess the balance-of-payments or external financial difficulties that led to the respective measures, taking into account factors such as:
(a) the nature and extent of the difficulties;
(b) the external economic and trading environment; and
(c) alternative corrective measures which may be available.
8. The consultations referred to in paragraph 7 shall address the compliance of any restrictive measures with Article 20.4 or paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article. The Parties shall accept all relevant findings of statistical or factual nature presented by the International Monetary Fund ("IMF"), where available, and their conclusions shall take into account the assessment by the IMF of the balance-of-payments and the external financial situation of the Party concerned.
Chapter 21. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT
ARTICLE 21.1
Definitions
For the purposes of this Chapter:
(a) "commercial goods or services" means goods or services of a type generally sold or offered for sale in the commercial marketplace to, and customarily purchased by, non-governmental buyers for non-governmental purposes;
(b) "construction services" means services that have as their objective the realisation by whatever means of civil or building works, based on Division 51 of the United Nations Provisional Central Product Classification (CPC);
(c) "covered procurement" means procurement for governmental purposes:
(i) of a good, a service, or any combination thereof:
(A) as specified for each Party in Annexes 21-A (Covered Procurement of the European Union) or 21-B (Covered Procurement of Mexico) respectively; and
(B) not procured with a view to commercial sale or resale, or for use in the production or supply of a good or a service for commercial sale or resale;
(ii) by any contractual means, including:
(A) purchase;
(B) lease; and
(C) rental or hire purchase, with or without an option to buy;
(iii) for which the value, as estimated in accordance with Article 21.2, equals or exceeds the relevant threshold specified for each Party in Annexes 21-A (Covered Procurement of the European Union) or 21-B (Covered Procurement of Mexico) respectively at the time of publication of a notice in accordance with Article 21.6;
(iv) by a procuring entity; and
(v) that is not otherwise excluded from coverage by Article 21.2.2 or by Annexes 21-A (Covered Procurement of the European Union) or 21-B (Covered Procurement of Mexico);
(d) "electronic auction" means an iterative process that involves the use of electronic means for the presentation by suppliers of either new prices, or new values for quantifiable non-price elements of the tender related to the evaluation criteria, or both, resulting in a ranking or re-ranking of tenders;
(e) "in writing" or "written" means any worded or numbered expression that can be read, reproduced and later communicated and may include electronically transmitted and stored information;
(f) "limited tendering" means a procurement method whereby the procuring entity contacts a supplier or suppliers of its choice;