Romania shall grant these rights to Community nationals established as self-employed persons in Romania at the latest by the end of the transitional period referred to in Article 7.
Article 46.
1. Subject to the provisions of Article 45 with the exception of financial services described in Annex XVIII, each Party may regulate the establishment and operation of companies and nationals on its territory, in so far as these regulations do not discriminate against companies and nationals of the other Party in comparison to its own companies and nationals.
2. In respect of financial services, described in Annex XVIII, this Agreement does not prejudice the right of the Parties to adopt measures necessary for the conduct of the Party's monetary policy, or for prudential grounds in order to ensure the protection of investors, depositors, policy holders, or persons to whom a fiduciary duty is owed, or to ensure the integrity and stability of the financial system. These measures shall not discriminate on grounds of nationality against companies and nationals of the other Party in comparison to its own companies and nationals.
Article 47.
In order to make it easier for Community nationals and Romanian nationals to take up and pursue regulated professional activities in Romania and the Community respectively, the Association Council shall examine which steps are necessary to be taken to provide for the mutual recognition of qualifications. It may take all necessary measures to that end.
Article 48.
The provisions of Article 46 do not preclude the application by a Party of particular rules concerning the establishment and operation in its territory of branches and agencies of companies of another Party not incorporated in the territory of the first Party, which are justified by legal or technical differences between such branches and agencies as compared to branches and agencies of companies incorporated in its territory, or, as regards financial services, for prudential reasons. The difference in treatment shall not go beyond what is strictly necessary as a result of such legal or technical differences, or, as regards financial services, described in Annex XVIII, for prudential reasons.
Article 49.
1. A 'Community company` and a 'Romanian company` respectively shall, for the purpose of this Agreement, mean a company or a firm set up in accordance with the laws of a Member State or of Romania respectively and having its registered office, central administration, or principal place of business in the territory of the Community or Romania respectively. However, should the company or firm, set up in accordance with the laws of a Member State or of Romania respectively, have only its registered office in the territory of the Community or Romania respectively, its operations must possess a real and continuous link with the economy of one of the Member States or Romania respectively.
2. With regard to international maritime transport, shall also be beneficiaries of the provisions of this Chapter and Chapter III of this Title, a national or a shipping company of the Member States or of Romania, respectively established outside the Community or Romania respectively and controlled by nationals of a Member State, or Romanian nationals respectively, if their vessels are registered in that Member State or in Romania respectively in accordance with their respective legislations.
3. A Community and a Romanian national respectively shall, for the purpose of this Agreement, mean a natural person who is a national of one of the Member States or of Romania respectively.
4. The provisions of this Agreement shall not prejudice the application by each Party of any measure necessary to prevent the circumvention of its measures concerning third country access to its market, through the provisions of this Agreement.
Article 50.
For the purpose of this Agreement 'financial services` shall mean those activities described in Annex XVIII. The Association Council may extend or modify the scope of Annex XVIII.
Article 51.
During the first five years following the date of entry into force of the Agreement, Romania may introduce measures which derogate from the provisions of this Chapter as regards the establishment of Community companies and nationals if certain industries:
- are undergoing restructuring, or
- are facing serious difficulties, particularly where these entail serious social problems in Romania, or
- face the elimination or a drastic reduction of the total market share held by Romanian companies or nationals in a given sector or industry in Romania, or
- are newly emerging industries in Romania.
Such measures:
(i) shall cease to apply at the latest two years after the expiration of the fifth year following the date of entry into force of this Agreement; and
(ii) shall be reasonable and necessary in order to remedy the situation; and
(iii) shall only relate to establishments in Romania to be created after the entry into force of such measures and shall not introduce discrimination concerning the operations of Community companies or nationals already established in Romania at the time of introduction of a given measure compared to Romanian companies or nationals.
The Association Council may exceptionally, upon request by Romania, and if the necessity arises, decide to prolong the period referred to in indent (i) above for a given sector for a limited period of time not exceeding the duration of the transition period referred to in Article 7.
While devising and applying such measures, Romania shall grant whenever possible to Community companies and nationals a preferential treatment, and in no case a treatment less favourable than that accorded to companies or nationals from any third country.
Prior to the introduction of these measures, Romania shall consult the Association Council and shall not put them into effect before a one month period following the notification to the Association Council of the concrete measures to be introduced by Romania, except where the threat of irreparable damage requires the taking of urgent measures in which case Romania shall consult the Association Council immediately after their introduction.
Upon the expiration of the fifth year following the entry into force of the Agreement, Romania may introduce such measures only with the authorization of the Association Council and under conditions determined by the latter.
Article 52.
1. The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to air transport services, inland-waterways transport services and maritime cabotage transport services.
2. The Association Council may make recommendations for improving establishment and operations in the areas covered by paragraph 1.
Article 53.
1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Chapter I of this Title, the beneficiaries of the rights of establishment granted by Romania and the Community respectively shall be entitled to employ, or have employed by one of their subsidiaries, in accordance with the legislation in force in the host country of establishment, in the territory of Romania and the Community respectively, employees who are nationals of Community Member States and Romania respectively, provided that such employees are key personnel as defined in paragraph 2, and that they are employed exclusively by such beneficiaries or their subsidiaries. The residence and work permits of such employees shall only cover the period of such employment.
2. Key personnel of the beneficiaries of the rights of establishment herein referred to as 'organization` are:
(a) senior employees of an organization who primarily direct the management of the organization, receiving general supervision or direction principally from the board of directors or shareholders of the business, including:
- directing the organization or a department or sub-division of the organization,
- supervising and controlling the work of other supervisory, professional or managerial employees,
- having the authority personally to engage and dismiss or recommend engaging, dismissing or other personnel actions;
(b) persons employed by an organization who possess high or uncommon:
- qualifications referring to a type of work or trade requiring specific technical knowledge,
- knowledge essential to the organization's service, research equipment, techniques or management.
These may include, but are not limited to, members of accredited professions.
Each such employee must have been employed by the organization concerned for at least one year preceding the detachment by the organization.
Article 54.
1. The provisions of this Chapter shall be applied subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health.
2. They shall not apply to activities which in the territory of each Party are connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority.
Article 55.
Companies which are controlled and exclusively owned jointly by Romanian companies or nationals and Community companies or nationals shall also be beneficiaries of the provisions of this Chapter and Chapter III if this Title.
Chapter III. Supply of Services between the Community and Romania
Article 56.
1. The Parties undertake in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter to take the necessary steps to allow progressively the supply of services by Community or Romanian companies or nationals who are established in a Party other than that of the person for whom the services are intended taking into account the development of the services sectors in the Parties.
2. In step with the liberalization process mentioned in paragraph 1, and subject to the provisions of Article 59 (1), the Parties shall permit the temporary movement of natural persons providing the service or who are employed by the service provider as key personnel as defined in Article 53 (2), including natural persons who are representatives of a Community or Romanian company or national and are seeking temporary entry for the purpose of negotiating for the sale of services or entering into Agreements to sell services for that service provider, where those representatives will not be engaged in making direct sales to the general public or in supplying services themselves.
3. The Association Council shall take the measures necessary to progressively implement the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article.
Article 57.
With regard to supply of transport services between the Community and Romania, the following replaces the provisions of Article 56:
1. with regard to international maritime transport, the Parties undertake to apply effectively the principle of unrestricted access to the market and traffic on a commercial basis.
(a) The above provision does not prejudice the rights and obligations under the United Nations Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences, as applied by one or the other Contracting Party to this Agreement. Non-conference liners will be free to operate in competition with a conference as long as they adhere to the principle of fair competition on a commercial basis.
(b) The Parties affirm their commitment to a freely competitive environment as being an essential feature of the dry and liquid bulk trade;
2. in applying the principles of point 1, the Parties shall:
(a) not introduce cargo sharing clauses in future bilateral Agreements with third countries, other than in those exceptional circumstances where liner shipping companies from one or other Party to this Agreement would not otherwise have an effective opportunity to ply for trade to and from the third country concerned;
(b) prohibit cargo sharing arrangements in future bilateral Agreements concerning dry and liquid bulk trade;
(c) abolish, upon entry into force of the Agreement, all unilateral measures, administrative, technical and other obstacles which could have restrictive or discriminatory effects on the free supply of services in international maritime transport.
3. With a view to assuring a coordinated development and progressive liberalization of transport between the Parties adapted to their reciprocal commercial needs, the conditions of mutual market access in air transport and in inland transport shall be dealt with by special transport Agreements to be negotiated between the Parties after the entry into force of the Agreement.
4. Prior to the conclusion of the Agreements referred to in paragraph 3, the Parties shall not take any measures or actions which are more restrictive or discriminatory as compared to the situation existing on the day preceding the day of entry into force of the Agreement.
5. During the transitional period, Romania shall progressively adapt its legislation including administrative, technical and other rules to that of the Community legislation existing at any time in the field of air and inland transport insofar as it serves liberalization purposes and mutual access to markets of the Parties and facilitates the movement of passengers and of goods.
6. In step with the common progress in the achievement of the objectives of this Chapter, the Association Council shall examine ways of creating the conditions necessary for improving freedom to provide air and inland transport services.
Article 58.
The provisions of Article 54 shall apply to the matters covered by this Chapter.
Chapter IV. General Provisions
Article 59.
1. For the purpose of Title IV of this Agreement, nothing in the Agreement shall prevent the Parties from applying their laws and regulations regarding entry and stay, work, labour conditions and establishment of natural persons and supply of services, provided that, in so doing, they do not apply them in a manner as to nullify or impair the benefits accruing to any Party under the terms of a specific provision of the Agreement. The above provision does not prejudice the application of Article 54.
2. The provisions of Chapter II, III and IV of Title IV shall be adjusted by decision of the Association Council in the light of the result of the negotiations on services taking place in the Uruguay Round and in particular to ensure that under any provision of this Agreement a Party grants to the other Party a treatment no less favourable than that accorded under the provisions of a future General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS).
3. The exclusion of Community companies and nationals established in Romania in accordance with the provisions of Chapter II of Title IV from public aid granted by Romania in the areas of public education services, health-related and social services and cultural services shall, for the duration of the transitional period referred to in Article 7, be deemed compatible with the provisions of Title IV and with the competition rules referred to in Title V.
Title V. PAYMENTS, CAPITAL, COMPETITION AND OTHER ECONOMIC PROVISIONS, APPROXIMATION OF LAWS
Chapter I. Current Payments and Movement of Capital
Article 60.
The Parties undertake to authorize in freely convertible currency, any payments on the current account of balance of payments to the extent that the transactions underlying the payments concern movements of goods, services, or persons between the Parties which have been liberalized pursuant to this Agreement.
Article 61.
1. With regard to transactions on the capital account of balance of payments, from entry into force of the Agreement, the Member States and Romania respectively shall ensure the free movement of capital relating to direct investments made in companies formed in accordance with the laws of the host country and investments made in accordance to the provisions of Chapter II of Title IV, and the liquidation or repatriation of these investments and of any profit stemming therefrom.
2. Notwithstanding the above provision, such free movement, liquidation and repatriation shall be ensured by the end of the first stage referred to in Article 7 for all investments linked to establishment of Community nationals establishing in Romania as self-employed persons pursuant to Chapter II of Title IV.
3. Without prejudice to paragraph 1, the Member States, as from the entry into force of the Agreement, and Romania as from the end of the fifth year following the entry into force of the Agreement, shall not introduce any new foreign exchange restrictions on the movement of capital and current payments connected therewith between residents of the Community and Romania and shall not make the existing arrangements more restrictive.
4. The Parties shall consult each other with a view to facilitating the movement of capital between the Community and Romania in order to promote the objectives of this Agreement.
Article 62.
1. During the five years following the date of entry into force of the Agreement, the Parties shall take measures permitting the creation of the necessary conditions for the further gradual application of Community rules on the free movement of capital.
2. By the end of the fifth year from the entry into force of the Agreement, the Association Council shall examine ways of enabling Community rules on the movement of capital to be applied in full.
Article 63.
With reference to the provisions of this Chapter, and notwithstanding the provisions of Article 65, until a full convertibility of Romanian currency in the meaning of Article VIII of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is introduced, Romania may in exceptional circumstances apply exchange restrictions connected with the granting or taking up of short and medium-term credits to the extent that such restrictions are imposed on Romania for the granting of such credite and are permitted according to Romania's status under the IMF.
Romania shall apply these restrictions in a non-discriminatory manner. They shall be applied in such a manner as to cause the least possible disruption to this Agreement. Romania shall inform the Association Council promptly of the introduction of such measures and of any changes therein.
Chapter II. Competition and other Economic Provisions
Article 64.
1. The following are incompatible with the proper functioning of this Agreement, in so far as they may affect trade between the Community and Romania:
(i) all Agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings and concerted practices between undertakings which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition;
(ii) abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position in the territories of the Community or of Romania as a whole or in a substantial part thereof;
(iii) any public aid which distorts or threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings or the production of certain goods.
2. Any practices contrary to this Article shall be assessed on the basis of criteria arising from the application of the rules of Articles 85, 86, and 92 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community.
3. The Association Council shall, within three years of the entry into force of the Agreement, adopt the necessary rules for the implementation of paragraphe 1 and 2.
4. (a) For the purposes of applying the provisions of paragraph 1, point (iii), the Parties recognize that during the first five years after the entry into force of the Agreement, any public aid granted by Romania shall be assessed taking into account the fact that Romania shall be regarded as an area indentical to those areas of the Community described in Article 92 (3) (a) of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. The Association Council shall, taking into account the economic situation of Romania, decide whether that period should be extended by further periods of five years.
(b) Each Party shall ensure transparency in the area of public aid, inter alia by reporting annually to the other Party on the total amount and the distribution of the aid given and by providing, upon request, information on aid schemes. Upon request by one Party, the other Party shall provide information on particular individual cases of public aid.
5. With regard to products referred to in Chapters II and III of Title III:
- the provision of paragraph 1 (iii) does not apply,
- any practices contrary to paragraph 1 (i) should be assessed according to the criteria established by the Community on the basis of Articles 42 and 43 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and in particular of those established in Council Regulation No 26/1962.
6. If the Community or Romania considers that a particular practices is incompatible with the terms of paragraph 1 and:
- is not adequately dealt with under the implementing rules referred to in paragraph 3, or
- in the absence of such rules, and if such practice or threatens to cause serious prejudice to the interest of the other Party or material injury to its domestic industry, including its services industry,
it may take appropriate measures after consultation within the Association Council or after 30 working days following referral for such consultation.
In the case of practices incompatible with paragraph 1 (iii) of this Article, such appropriate measures may, where the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade applies thereto, only be adopted in conformity with the procedures and under the conditions laid down by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and any other relevant instrument negotiated under its auspices which are applicable between the Parties.
7. Notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary adopted in conformity with paragraph 3, the Parties shall exchange information taking into account the limitations imposed by the requirements of professional and business secrecy.
8. This Article shall not apply to the products covered by the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community which are the subject of Protocol 2.
Article 65.
1. The Parties shall endeavour to avoid the imposition of restrictive measures including measures relating to imports for balance of payments purposes. In the event of their introduction, the Party having introduced the same shall present to the other Party a time schedule for their removal.
2. Where one or more Member States or Romania is in serious balance of payments difficulties, or under imminent threat thereof, the Community or Romania, as the case may be, may, in accordance with the conditions established under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, adopt restrictive measures, including measures relating to imports, which shall be of limited duration and may not go beyond what is necessary to remedy the balance of payments situation. The Community or Romania, as the case may be, shall inform the other Party forthwith.
3. Any restrictive measures shall not apply to transfers related to investments and in particular to the repatriation of amounts invested or reinvested and of any kind of revenues stemming therefrom.
Article 66.
With regard to public undertakings and undertakings to which special or exclusive rights have been granted, the Association Council shall ensure that, as from the third year from the date of entry into force of the Agreement, the principles of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, notably Article 90, and the principles of the concluding document of the April 1990 Bonn meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (notably entrepreneurs' freedom of decision) are applied in the operation of this Agreement.
Article 67.
1. Romania shall continue to improve the protection of intellectual, industrial and commercial property rights in order to provide, by the end of the fifth year after the entry into force of the Agreement, for a level of protection similar to that existing in the Community, including comparable means of enforcing such rights.
2. Within the same time, Romania shall apply to accede to the Munich Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973. Romania shall also accede to the other multilateral conventions on intellectual, industrial and commercial property rights (referred to in paragraph 1 of Annex XIX) to which Member States are Parties, or which are de facto applied by Member States.
3. Upon entry into force of the Agreement treatmet no less favourable than that granted to any third country under any bilateral agreement shall be granted by Romania.
Article 68.
1. The Parties consider the opening up of the award of public contracts on the basis of the principles of non-discrimination and reciprocity, in particular in the GATT context, to be a desirable objective.
2. The Romanian companies as defined in Article 49 shall be granted access to contract award procedures in the Community pursuant to Community procurement rules under a treatment no less favourable than that accorded to Community companies as of the entry into force of the Agreement.
Community companies as defined in Article 49 shall be granted access to contract award procedures in Romania under a treatment no less favourable than that accorded to Romanian companies at the latest at the end of the transitional period referred to in Article 7.
Community companies established in Romania under the provisions of Chapter II of Title IV in the form of subsidiaries as described in Article 45 and in the forms described in Article 55 shall have upon entry into force of the Agreement access to contract award procedures under a treatment no less favourable than that accorded to Romanian companies. Community companies established in Romania in the form of branches and agencies as described in Article 45 shall be granted such treatment at the latest by the end of the transitional period referred to in Article 7.
The Association Council shall periodically examine the possibility for Romania to introduce access to award procedures in Romania for all Community companies prior to the end of the transitional period.
3. As regards establishment, operations, supply of services between the Community and Romania, as well as employment and movement of labour linked to the fulfilment of public contracts, the provisions of Articles 38 to 59 are applicable.
Chapter III. Approximation of Laws
Article 69.
The Parties recognize that an important condition for Romania's economic integration into the Community is the approximation of Romania's existing and future legislation to that of the Community. Romania shall endeavour to ensure that its legislation will be gradually made compatible with that of the Community.
Article 70.
The approximation of laws shall extend to the following areas in particular: customs law, company law, banking law, company accounts and taxes, intellectual property, protection of workers at the workplace, social security, financial services, rules on competition, protection of health and life of humans, animals and plants, consumer protection, indirect taxation, technical rules and standards, nuclear law and regulation, transport and the environment.
Article 71.
The Community shall provide Romania with technical assistance for the implementation of these measures, which may include inter alia:
- the exchange of experts,
- the provision of early information especially on relevant legislation,
- organization of seminars,
- training activities,
- aid for the translation of Community legislation in the relevant sectors.
Title VI. ECONOMIC COOPERATION
Article 72.
1. The Community and Romania shall establish economic cooperation aimed at contributing to Romania's development and growth potential. Such cooperation shall strengthen existing economic links on the widest possible foundation, to the benefit of both Parties.
2. Policies and other measures will be designed to bring about economic and social development of Romania and will be guided by the principle of sustainable development. These policies should ensure that environmental considerations are also fully incorporated from the outset and that they are linked to the requirements of harmonious social development.
3. To this end the cooperation should focus in particular on policies and measures related to industry including the mining sector, investment, agriculture, energy, transport, regional development and tourism.
4. Special attention shall be devoted to measures capable of fostering cooperation between the countries of central and eastern Europe with a view to a harmonious development of the region.
Article 73. Industrial Cooperation
1. Cooperation shall aim at promoting the following in particular:
- industrial cooperation between economic operators of both sides, with the particular objective of strengthening the private sector,
- Community participation in Romania's efforts in both public and private sectors to modernize and restructure its industry, which will effect the transition from a centrally planned system to a market economy under conditions which ensure that the environment is protected,
- the restructuring of individual sectors,
- the establishment of new undertakings in areas offering potential for growth,