All sectors
Graduate trainees
In BG, HU: Economic needs tests for graduate trainees 93 .
In AT, DE, ES, FR, HU, LT, SK: Training must be linked to the university degree which has been obtained.
All sectors
Managing directors and auditors
In AT: Managing directors of branches of juridical persons have to be resident in Austria. Natural persons within a juridical person or a branch responsible for the observance of the Austrian Trade Act must have a domicile in Austria.
In FI: A foreigner carrying out trade as a private entrepreneur needs a trade permit and has to be the holder of a permanent residence permit in the EU. For all sectors, except telecommunications services, nationality and residency requirements for the managing director of a limited company apply. For telecommunications services, permanent residency for the managing director is required.
In FR: The managing director of a commercial, industrial or artisanal activity, if not a holder of a residency permit, needs a specific authorisation.
In RO: The majority of the commercial companies' auditors and their deputies shall be Romanian citizens.
In SE: The managing director of a juridical person or a branch shall reside in Sweden.
All sectors
Type of enterprise
In AT, CZ, SK: Intra-corporate transferees, graduate trainees and business sellers need to be employed by an enterprise other than a non-profit organisation; otherwise unbound.
In FI: Senior personnel needs to be employed by an enterprise other than a non-profit organisation.
All sectors
Recognition
EU: EU directives on mutual recognition of diplomas only apply to citizens of the EU. The right to practise a regulated professional service in one Member State of the European Union does not grant the right to practise in another Member State of the European Union 94 .
1. AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY
A. Agriculture, hunting
(ISIC rev 3.1: 011, 012, 013, 014, 015) excluding advisory and consultancy services 95
In AT, DE, DK, HU, LT, MT, RO: Unbound for agricultural activities.
In CY: The participation of MERCOSUR investors is allowed only up to 49 % (forty-nine percent).
In FR: Prior authorisation is required in order to become a member or act as a director of an agricultural cooperative.
In FI: only EEA nationals resident in the reindeer herding area may own reindeer and exercise reindeer husbandry. Exclusive rights may be granted.
In IE: Establishment by residents of a Signatory MERCOSUR State in flour milling activities is subject to authorisation.
B. Forestry and logging
(ISIC rev 3.1: 020) excluding advisory and consultancy services 96
In BG, DE, LT: Unbound for logging activities.
2. FISHING AND AQUACULTURE
(ISIC rev.3.1: 0501, 0502) excluding advisory and consultancy services 97
Unbound.
3. Mining and quarrying 98
A. Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat
(ISIC rev 3.1: 10)
B. Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas 99
(ISIC rev 3.1: 1110)
C. Mining of metal ores
(ISIC rev 3.1: 13)
D. Other mining and quarrying
(ISIC rev 3.1: 14)
EU: Unbound for juridical persons controlled by natural or juridical persons of a non-EU country, which accounts for more than 5 % (five percent) of the EU's oil or natural gas imports. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Unbound for extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas.
In CY: Unbound.
4. MANUFACTURING 100
H. Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media
(ISIC rev 3.1: 22), excluding publishing and printing on a fee or contract basis 101
In IT: Nationality requirement for publishers.
In PL: Nationality requirement for the editor-in-chief of newspapers and journals.
In SE: Residency requirement for publishers and owners of publishing and printing companies.
6. BUSINESS SERVICES
A. Professional services
a) Legal services
(CPC 861) 102
excluding legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, "huissiers de justice" or other "officiers publics et ministériels"
In AT, ES, EL, LT, MT, RO, SK: Full admission to the Bar, required for the practice of domestic (EU and Member State of the European Union) law, is subject to a nationality requirement. In ES, the competent authorities may grant waivers. In SK, it is coupled with residency requirement.
In CY, FI: Nationality and residency requirement. Full admission to the Bar is required for the provision of legal services. Admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality requirement, coupled with a residency requirement. Only advocates enrolled in the Bar may be partners, shareholders or members of the Board of Directors in a law company in Cyprus.
In BE: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality requirement. Exemption can be granted under specific conditions (among others, residency requirement and reciprocity). Quotas apply for representation before the "Cour de cassation" in non-criminal cases.
In BG: MERCOSUR lawyers can only provide legal representation services of a national of a Signatory MERCOSUR State and subject to reciprocity and cooperation with a Bulgarian lawyer. For legal mediation services, permanent residency is required.
In CZ: Full admission to the Bar is required for the practice of legal services, including representation before courts. Non-discriminatory legal form requirements apply. For the practice of legal services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State of the European Union) law, including representation before courts, EEA or Swiss nationality and residency in the Czech Republic is required.
In DK: The performing of legal services under the title "Advokat" is only permitted for lawyers with a Danish licence to practise. Representation before courts is mainly reserved for lawyers with a Danish licence to practise. Other persons than lawyers with a Danish licence to practise may perform legal services in accordance with the Danish Act on Legal Services, but are not allowed to use the title "Advokat".
In ES: EEA nationality is required for the practice of industrial property agent services.
In HR: Full admission to the Bar, required for legal representation services, is subject to a nationality requirement or a requirement of citizenship of an Member State of the European Union.
In FI: A patent agent must be resident in the EEA in order to be recorded in the Patent Agents Register, which is necessary for the practice of the profession.
In FR: Full admission to the Bar is required for the practice of legal services in respect of French law, including representation before courts. Residency (commercial presence) is required in order to obtain full admission to the Bar. To provide legal services in respect of domestic (EU and Member State of the European Union) law, commercial presence may be required to take one of the legal forms which are allowed under national law on a non-discriminatory basis. Some types of legal forms may be reserved exclusively to lawyers admitted to the Bar, also on a non-discriminatory basis. Representation before the "Cour de Cassation" and the "Conseil d’Etat" is subject to quotas. In a law firm providing services in respect of French or EU law, shareholding and voting rights may be subject to quantitative restrictions related to the professional activity of the partners.
In HU: Full admission to the Bar is subject to a nationality requirement, coupled with a residency requirement. For foreign lawyers, the scope of legal activities is limited to the provision of legal advice, which shall take place on the basis of a collaboration contract concluded with a Hungarian attorney or law firm.
In LV: Nationality requirement for sworn solicitors, to whom legal representation in criminal proceedings is reserved.
In PT: Nationality requirement for the access to the profession of "solicitadores" and for industrial property agent.
In SI: remunerated representation of clients before the court is conditioned upon commercial presence in Slovenia. A foreign lawyer who has the right to practise law in a foreign country may perform legal services or practise law under the conditions laid down in Article 34a of the Attorneys Act, provided the condition of actual reciprocity is fulfilled. Compliance with the condition of reciprocity is verified by the Ministry of Justice. Commercial presence for appointed attorneys by the Slovene Bar Association is restricted to sole proprietorship, law firm with limited liability (partnership) or to a law firm with unlimited liability (partnership) only. The activities of a law firm shall be restricted to the practice of law. Only attorneys may be partners in a law firm.
In SE: Admission to the Bar, necessary only for the use of the Swedish title "advokat", is subject to a residency requirement.
b) 1. Accounting and bookkeeping services
(CPC 86212 other than "auditing services", CPC 86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220)
In AT: Nationality requirement for representation before competent authorities.
In FR: Provision of accounting and bookkeeping services by a foreign supplier is conditional on a decision of the Minister of Economics, Finance and Industry, in agreement with the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
In CY: Special licence is granted to third-country professionals, subject to certain conditions.
b) 2. Auditing services
(CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services)
In AT: Nationality requirement for representation before competent authorities and for performing audits provided for in specific Austrian laws (among others, joint stock companies law, stock exchange law and banking law).
In DK: Residency requirement.
In ES: Nationality requirement or statutory auditors and for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than those covered by Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts, amending Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC and repealing Council Directive 84/253/EEC, OJ L 157, 9.6.2006, p. 87.
In FI: Residency requirement for at least one of the auditors of a Finnish liability company.
In HR: Only certified auditors holding a licence formally recognised by the Croatian Chamber of Auditors can provide auditing services.
In IT: Nationality requirement condition for administrators, directors and partners of companies other than those covered by Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on statutory audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts, amending Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC and repealing Council Directive 84/253/EEC, OJ L 157, 9.6.2006, p. 87. Residency requirement for auditors that are natural persons.
In SE: Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform legal auditing services in certain legal entities, among others, in all limited companies. Residency is required for approval.
In CY: Special licence is granted to third-country auditors, subject to certain conditions.
c) Taxation advisory services
(CPC 863) 103
In AT: Nationality requirement for representation before competent authorities.
In BG: Nationality requirement for specialists.
In HU: Residency requirement.
In CY: Special licence is granted to third-country professionals, subject to certain conditions.
d) Architectural services
and
e) Urban planning and landscape architectural services
(CPC 8671 and CPC 8674)
In EE: At least one responsible person (project manager or consultant) must be resident in Estonia.
In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience of at least 2 (two) years in the field of construction. Nationality requirement for urban planning and landscape architectural services.
In CZ, EL, HR, HU: Residency requirement.
In CY: Nationality requirement applies.
In SK: Residency requirement and nationality requirement.
f) Engineering services
and
g) Integrated engineering services
(CPC 8672 and CPC 8673)
In EE: At least one responsible person (project manager or consultant) must be resident in Estonia.
In BG: Foreign specialists must have experience of at least 2 (two) years in the field of construction.
In HR: Residency requirement.
In EL, HU: Residency requirement (for CPC 8673, a residency requirement only applies to graduate trainees).
In CY: Nationality requirement applies.
In SK: Residency requirement and nationality requirement.
h) Medical (including psychologists) and dental services
(CPC 9312 and part of CPC 85201)
In CZ, IT, LT, SK: Residency requirement.
In CZ, SK: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In BE, LU, SI: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In BG, CY, MT: Nationality requirement.
In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for up to 18 (eighteen) months and requires residency.
In FR: Nationality requirement. However, access is possible within annually established quotas.
In HR: All persons providing services directly to patients or treating patients need a licence from the professional chamber.
In LV: Economic needs tests for medical doctors and dentists in a given region.
In PL: Practice of the medical profession by foreigners requires permission. Foreign medical doctors have limited election rights within the professional chambers.
In PT: Residency requirement for psychologists.
i) Veterinary services
(CPC 932)
In BG, CY, DE, EL, FR, HR, HU: Nationality requirement (in FR: limited to EU and EEA citizens).
In CZ, SK: Nationality requirement and residency requirement.
In DK, IT: Residency requirement.
In PL: Nationality requirement. Foreign persons may apply for permission to practise.
j) 1. Midwives services
(part of CPC 93191)
In BE, LU: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for a maximum of 18 (eighteen) months and requires residency.
In FR: Nationality requirement. However, access is possible within annually established quotas.
In HR: All persons providing services directly to patients or treating patients need a licence from the professional chamber.
In CY, HU: Nationality requirement.
In CZ: Unbound.
In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for up to 18 (eighteen) months and requires residency.
In IT, SK: Residency requirement.
In LV: Subject to economic needs tests, determined by the total number of midwives in a given region, authorised by local health authorities.
In LT: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In PL: Nationality requirement. Foreign persons may apply for permission to practise.
j) 2. Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical personnel
(part of CPC 93191)
In BE, FR, LU: For graduate trainees, authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In RO, SK: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In DK: Limited authorisation to fulfil a specific function can be given for up to 18 (eighteen) months and requires residency.
In HR: All persons providing services directly to patients or treating patients need a licence from the professional chamber.
In HU, CY: Nationality requirement.
In LV: Subject to economic needs tests, determined by the total number of nurses in a given region, authorised by local health authorities.
In LT: Authorisation by the competent authorities required for foreign natural persons.
In SK: Residency requirement.