Article 14.1. Initial Provisions

1.    In order to facilitate the production and commercialisation of innovative and creative products and the provision of services between the Parties and to increase the benefits from trade and investment, the Parties shall grant and ensure adequate, effective and non-discriminatory protection of intellectual property and provide for measures for the enforcement of intellectual property rights against infringement thereof, including counterfeiting and piracy, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter and of the international agreements to which both Parties are party.

2.    A Party may, but shall not be obliged to, provide more extensive protection for, or enforcement of, intellectual property rights under its law than is required by this Chapter, provided that such protection or enforcement does not contravene the provisions of this Chapter.

3.    For the purposes of this Chapter, "intellectual property" means all categories of intellectual property that are covered by Articles 14.8 to 14.39 of this Chapter or Sections 1 to 7 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement. The protection of intellectual property includes protection against unfair competition as referred to in Article 10bis of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, done at Paris on 20 March 1883 (hereinafter referred to as "the Paris Convention"). (71)

4.    The objectives and principles set out in Part I of the TRIPS Agreement, in particular in Articles 7 and 8, shall apply to this Chapter, mutatis mutandis.

Article 14.2. Agreed Principles

Having regard to the underlying public policy objectives of domestic systems, the Parties recognise the need to:

(a)    promote innovation and creativity;

(b)    facilitate the diffusion of information, knowledge, technology, culture and the arts; and

(c)    foster competition and open and efficient markets,

through their respective intellectual property systems, while respecting the principles of, inter alia, transparency and non-discrimination, and taking into account the interests of relevant stakeholders including right holders and users.

Article 14.3. International Agreements

1.    The provisions of this Chapter shall complement the rights and obligations of the Parties under other international agreements in the field of intellectual property to which both Parties are party.

2.    The Parties affirm their commitment to comply with the obligations set out in the international agreements relating to intellectual property to which both Parties are party (72) at the date of entry into force of this Agreement, including the following:

(a)    the TRIPS Agreement;

(b)    the Paris Convention;

(c)    the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, done at Rome on 26 October 1961 (hereinafter referred to as "the Rome Convention");

(d)    the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, done at Berne on 9 September 1886 (hereinafter referred to as "the Berne Convention"); (73)

(e)    the WIPO Copyright Treaty, adopted at Geneva on 20 December 1996;

(f)    the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, adopted at Geneva on 20 December 1996;

(g)    the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, done at Budapest on 28 April 1977;

(h)    the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, done at Paris on 2 December 1961 (hereinafter referred to as "the 1991 UPOV Convention"); (74)

(i)    the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, adopted at Madrid on 27 June 1989; and

(j)    the Patent Cooperation Treaty, done at Washington on 19 June 1970.

3.    Each Party shall make all reasonable efforts to ratify or accede to the following multilateral agreements, if, by the date of entry into force of this Agreement, it is not already party to that agreement: (75)

(a)    the Patent Law Treaty, adopted at Geneva on 1 June 2000;

(b)    the Trademark Law Treaty, adopted at Geneva on 27 October 1994;

(c)    the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks, adopted at Singapore on 27 March 2006;

(d)    the Geneva Act of the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs, adopted at Geneva on 2 July 1999;

(e)    the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances, adopted at Beijing on 24 June 2012; and

(f)    the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired or Otherwise Print Disabled, adopted at Marrakesh on 27 June 2013.

Article 14.4. National Treatment

1.    In respect of all categories of intellectual property covered by this Chapter, each Party shall accord to nationals (76) of the other Party treatment no less favourable than the treatment it accords to its own nationals with regard to the protection (77) of intellectual property subject to the exceptions already provided for in, respectively, the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, adopted at Washington on 26 May 1989. In respect of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations, this obligation only applies in respect of the rights provided for under this Agreement.

2. The obligations pursuant to paragraph 1 shall also be subject to the exceptions provided for in Article 5 of the TRIPS Agreement.

Article 14.5. Most-favoured-nation Treatment

Each Party shall immediately and unconditionally accord to nationals of the other Party treatment no less favourable than the treatment it accords to the nationals of a third country with regard to the protection of intellectual property, subject to the exceptions provided for in Articles 4 and 5 of the TRIPS Agreement.

Article 14.6. Procedural Matters and Transparency

1.    Each Party shall make all reasonable efforts to promote efficiency and transparency in the administration of its intellectual property system.

2.    For the purpose of providing an efficient administration of its intellectual property system, each Party shall take appropriate measures to enhance the efficiency of its administrative procedures concerning intellectual property rights in line with international standards.

3.    For the purpose of further promoting transparency in the administration of its intellectual property system, each Party shall make all reasonable efforts to take appropriate available measures to:

(a)    publish information on, and make available to the public information contained in the files on:

(i)    applications for and grant of patents;

(ii)    registrations of industrial designs;

(iii)    registrations of trademarks and applications therefor;

(iv)    registrations of new varieties of plants; and

(v)    registrations of geographical indications;

(b)    make available to the public information on measures taken by the competent authorities for the suspension of the release of goods infringing intellectual property rights as a border measure set out in Article 14.51;

(c)    make available to the public information on its efforts to ensure effective enforcement of intellectual property rights and other information with regard to its intellectual property system; and

(d)    make available to the public information on relevant laws and regulations, final judicial decisions, and administrative rulings of general application pertaining to the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

Article 14.7. Promotion of Public Awareness Concerning Protection of Intellectual Property

Each Party shall take necessary measures to continue promoting public awareness of protection of intellectual property including educational and dissemination projects on the use of intellectual property as well as on the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

Section B. Standards Concerning Intellectual Property

Subsection 1. Copyright and Related Rights

Article 14.8. Authors

Each Party shall provide for authors the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit:

(a)    direct or indirect reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part, of their works;

(b)    any form of distribution to the public by sale or otherwise of the original of their works or of copies thereof; each Party may determine the conditions under which the exhaustion of the right set out in this provision applies after the first sale or other transfer of ownership of the original or a copy of the work with the authorisation of the author; and

(c)    any communication to the public of their works by wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of their works in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

Article 14.9. Performers

Each Party shall provide for performers the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit:

(a)    the fixation of their performances;

(b)    direct or indirect reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part, of fixations of their performances;

(c)    the distribution to the public, by sale or otherwise, of fixations of their performances in phonograms; each Party may determine the conditions under which the exhaustion of the right set out in this provision applies after the first sale or other transfer of ownership of the original or a copy of the fixed performance with the authorisation of the performer;

(d)    the making available to the public of fixations of their performances, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them; and

(e)    the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their performances, except where the performance is itself already a broadcast performance or is made from a fixation.

Article 14.10. Producers of Phonograms

Each Party shall provide for phonogram producers the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit:

(a)    direct or indirect reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part, of their phonograms;

(b)    the distribution to the public, by sale or otherwise, of their phonograms, including copies; each Party may determine the conditions under which the exhaustion of the right set out in this provision applies after the first sale or other transfer of ownership of the original or a copy of the phonogram with the authorisation of the producer of the phonogram; and

(c)    the making available to the public of their phonograms, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

Article 14.11. Broadcasting Organisations

Each Party shall provide broadcasting organisations with the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit:

(a)    the fixation of their broadcasts;

(b)    the reproduction of fixations of their broadcasts;

(c)    the making available to the public (78) of their broadcasts, by wire or wireless means, which is made in response to a request from a member of the public; (79)

(d)    the rebroadcasting of their broadcasts by wireless means; and

(e)    the communication to the public of their broadcasts if such communication is made in places accessible to the public against payment of an entrance fee; each Party may determine the conditions under which that exclusive right may be exercised.

Article 14.12. Use of Phonograms

The Parties agree to continue discussion on adequate protection for the use of phonograms for all communication to the public, giving due consideration to the importance of international standards regarding protection for the use of phonograms.

Article 14.13. Term of Protection

1.    The term of protection for rights of an author of a literary or artistic work within the meaning of Article 2 of the Berne Convention shall run for the life of the author and for 70 years after the author's death, irrespective of the date when the work is lawfully made available to the public. If the term of protection for those rights is counted on a basis other than the life of a natural person, such term shall be no less than 70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public. Failing such making available within 70 years after the creation of the work, the term of protection shall be no less than 70 years from the work's creation.

2.    The term of protection for rights of performers shall be no less than 50 years after the performance.

3.    The term of protection for rights of producers of phonograms shall be no less than 70 years after the phonogram was published. Failing such publication within at least 50 years from the fixation of the phonogram, the term of protection shall be no less than 50 years after the fixation was made. (80)

4.    The term of protection for rights in broadcasts shall be no less than 50 years after the first transmission of the broadcast.

5.    The terms laid down in this Article shall be counted from the first of January of the year following the year of the event which gives rise to them.

Article 14.14. Limitations and Exceptions

Each Party may provide for limitations or exceptions to the rights set out in Articles 14.8 to 14.12 only in certain special cases which neither conflict with a normal exploitation of the subject matter nor unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holders, in accordance with the conventions and international agreements to which it is party.

Article 14.15. Artist's Resale Right In Works of Art

The Parties agree to exchange views and information on issues related to right to an interest in resale of an original work of art and the situation in this regard in the European Union and in Japan.

Article 14.16. Collective Management

The Parties:

(a)    recognise the importance of promoting cooperation between their respective collective management organisations;

(b)    agree to promote the transparency of collective management organisations; and

(c)    endeavour to facilitate non-discriminating treatment by collective management organisations of right holders they represent either directly or via another collective management organisation.

Article 14.17. Protection of Existing Subject Matter

1.    Each Party shall apply Article 18 of the Berne Convention and paragraph 6 of Article 14 of the TRIPS Agreement, mutatis mutandis, to works, performances and phonograms, and the rights in and protections afforded to those subject matters as required by this Sub-Section.

2.    A Party shall not be required to restore protection to subject matter that on the date of entry into force of this Agreement has fallen into the public domain in its territory.

Subsection 2. Trademarks

Article 14.18. Rights Conferred by a Trademark

Each Party shall ensure that the owner of a registered trademark has the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using  (81) in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered, where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In the case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights nor shall they affect the possibility of a Party to make rights available on the basis of use.

Article 14.19. Exceptions

Each Party shall provide for limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark such as the fair use of descriptive terms (82) and may provide for other limited exceptions, provided that those exceptions take account of the legitimate interest of the owner of the trademark and of third parties.

Article 14.20. Preparatory Acts Deemed as Infringement

With regard to labels and packaging, each Party shall provide that at least each of the following preparatory acts are deemed as an infringement of a registered trademark if the act has been performed without the consent of the registered trademark owner:

(a)    the manufacture;

(b)    the importation; and

(c)    the presentation (83)

of labels or packaging bearing (84) a sign which is identical or similar to the registered trademark, for the purpose of using such sign or causing it to be used in the course of trade for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered.

Article 14.21. Well-known Trademarks

For the purpose of giving effect to the protection of well-known trademarks, as referred to in Article 6bis of the Paris Convention and paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 16 of the TRIPS Agreement, the Parties affirm the importance of the Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks adopted by the Assembly of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property and the General Assembly of the WIPO at the Thirty-Fourth Series of Meetings of the Assemblies of the Member States of the WIPO in 1999.

Subsection 3. Geographical Indications

Article 14.22. Scope

1.    This Sub-Section applies to the recognition and protection of geographical indications for wines, spirits and other alcoholic beverages (85) as well as agricultural products (86) which originate in the Parties.

2.    For the purposes of this Chapter, "geographical indications" means indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a Party, or a region or locality in that Party's territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.

3.    Geographical indications of a Party listed in Annex 14-B shall be protected by the other Party under this Agreement if they fall within the types of goods that the other Party protects in accordance with its laws and regulations as listed in Annex 14-A.

Article 14.23. System of Protection of Geographical Indications

1.    Each Party shall establish or maintain a system for the registration (87) and protection of geographical indications in its territory.

2.    The system referred to in paragraph 1 shall contain at least the following elements:

(a)    an official means to make available to the public the list of registered geographical indications;

(b)    an administrative process to verify that a geographical indication to be registered as referred to in subparagraph (a) identifies a good as originating in the territory of a Party, or a region or locality in that Party's territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin;

(c)    an opposition procedure that allows the legitimate interests of third parties to be taken into account; and

(d)    a procedure for the cancellation (88) of the protection of a geographical indication, taking into account the legitimate interests of third parties and the users of the registered geographical indications in question. (89)

Article 14.24. Lists of Geographical Indications

1.    Following the completion of an opposition procedure and an examination of the geographical indications of the European Union listed in Section A of Part 1 and Section A of Part 2 of Annex 14B, Japan shall recognise that those indications are geographical indications within the meaning of paragraph 1 of Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreement and that they have been registered by the European Union under the system referred to in Article 14.23. Japan shall protect those geographical indications in accordance with this Sub-Section.

2.    Following the completion of an opposition procedure and an examination of the geographical indications of Japan listed in Section B of Part 1 and Section B of Part 2 of Annex 14-B, the European Union shall recognise that those indications are geographical indications within the meaning of paragraph 1 of Article 22 of the TRIPS Agreement and that they have been registered by Japan under the system referred to in Article 14.23. The European Union shall protect those geographical indications in accordance with this Sub-Section.

Article 14.25. Scope of Protection of Geographical Indications

1.    Subject to Article 14.29 each Party shall, in respect of geographical indications of the other Party listed in Annex 14-B, provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent in its territory: (90)

(a)    the use of a geographical indication identifying a good for a like good (91) not meeting the applicable requirement of specifications of geographical indication even if:

(i)    the true origin of the good is indicated;

(ii)    the geographical indication is used (92) in translation or transliteration; (93) or

(iii)    the geographical indication is accompanied by expressions such as "kind", "type", "style", "imitation", or the like;