Central America - EU Association Agreement (2012)
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6. In cases of urgency, in particular regarding perishable or seasonal goods, consultations shall take place within fifteen days of the date of the submission of the request, and shall be deemed concluded within fifteen days of the date of the submission of the request. Where, in accordance with paragraphs 3 and 4, more than one Republic of the CA Party is involved in the consultations, these shall be deemed concluded within twenty days of the date of the submission of the initial request.

7. If the Party complained against does not respond to the request for consultations within ten days of receipt of the request, if consultations are not held within the time periods laid down in paragraphs 5 or 6 respectively, or if consultations have been concluded and the dispute has not been resolved, the complaining Party may request the establishment of a Panel in accordance with Article 311.

8. If more than twelve months of inactivity have passed from the date of the last consultations and if the basis for the dispute persists, the complaining Party shall request new consultations. This paragraph shall not apply where the inactivity is the result of attempts in good faith at reaching a mutually satisfactory solution pursuant to Article 324.

(47) For instance, where a provision of Part IV of this Agreement establishes an obligation for all Republics of the CA Party to fulfil a specified requirement by a stipulated date, the failure of more than one Republic of the CA Party to have done so would be a matter falling under this paragraph.
(48) For instance, where an import ban on a product has been implemented, and said import ban applies to exports of that product from more than one Republic of the CA Party, this would be a matter falling under this paragraph.

Chapter 3. Dispute Settlement Procedures

Section A. Panel Procedure

Article 311. Initiation of the Panel Procedure

1. Where the consulting Parties have failed to resolve the dispute in accordance with the provisions referred to in Article 310, any complaining Party may request the establishment of a Panel to consider the matter.

2. The request for the establishment of a Panel shall be made in writing to the Party complained against, with copy to the Association Committee. The complaining Party shall identify in its request the specific measure at issue, it shall state the legal basis for the complaint and explain how such measure constitutes a breach of the provisions referred to in Article 309.

3. Any Party entitled under paragraph 1 to request the establishment of a Panel, may join the Panel proceedings as a complaining Party upon submission of a written notice to the other disputing Parties. The notice shall be submitted no later than five days after the date of receipt of the initial request for the establishment of a Panel.

4. The establishment of a Panel may not be requested to review a proposed measure.

Article 312. Establishment of the Panel

1. The Panel shall be composed of three panelists.

2. Within ten days of the date of the submission of the request for the establishment of a Panel, the disputing Parties shall consult in order to reach an agreement on the composition of the Panel (49).

3. In the event that the disputing Parties are unable to agree on the composition of the Panel within the time period laid down in paragraph 2, each disputing Party will have the right to select one panelist, who will not act as Chair, among the individuals of the list established in Article 325, within three days following the expiration of the time period established in paragraph 2. The Chair of the Association Committee, or the Chair's delegate, will select the Chair-person and any remaining panelist by lot from the relevant individuals of the list established under Article 325.

4. The Chair of the Association Committee, or the Chair's delegate, shall carry out the lot within five days of receipt of a request to do so from one or both disputing Parties. The lot shall be carried out at a time and place to be promptly communicated to the disputing Parties. The disputing Parties may, if they so choose, be present during the lot.

5. The disputing Parties may select, by mutual agreement and within the time period set out in paragraph 2, individuals that are not part of the List of Panelists, but that comply with the requirements established in Article 325.

6. The date of establishment of the Panel shall be the date on which all panelists have notified the acceptance of their selection.

(49) Where a disputing Party is composed of two or more Republics of the CA Party, they shall act jointly in the procedure established in Article 312.

Article 313. Panel Ruling

1. The Panel shall notify its ruling on the subject matter to the disputing Parties, with copy to the Association Committee, within one hundred twenty days from the date of establishment of the Panel.

2. Where the Panel considers that the deadline referred to in paragraph 1 cannot be met, the Chair-person of the Panel must promptly notify the disputing Parties in writing, with copy to the Association Committee, stating the reasons for the delay and the date on which the Panel expects to conclude its work. Unless exceptional circumstances apply, the ruling shall be notified no later than one hundred fifty days from the date of the establishment of the Panel.

3. In cases of urgency, in particular regarding perishable or seasonal goods, the Panel shall make every effort to notify its ruling within sixty days from the date of its establishment. Unless exceptional circumstances apply, the ruling shall be notified no later than seventy five days from the date of the establishment of the Panel. The Panel, at the request of a disputing Party, may give a preliminary ruling within ten days of its establishment on whether it deems the case to be urgent.

Section B. Compliance

Article 314. Compliance with the Panel Ruling

1. Where relevant, the Party complained against shall, without undue delay, take any measure necessary to comply in good faith with the Panel ruling on the subject matter, and the disputing Parties will endeavour to agree on the period of time for compliance.

2. For purposes of compliance, the disputing Parties and, in any event the Panel, shall take into consideration the possible effects of the measure determined to be inconsistent with this Agreement on the level of development of the Party complained against.

3. In the event that full and timely compliance with the Panel's ruling does not occur, compensation or suspension of obligations may be applied as temporary measures. In this event, the disputing Parties shall endeavour to agree on compensation rather than apply suspension of obligations. However, neither compensation nor suspension of obligations is preferred to full and timely implementation of the Panel's ruling.

4. Where a Panel ruling applies to more than one Republic of the CA Party as the complaining Party or the Party complained against, any compensation or suspension of obligations pursuant to this Title shall apply individually for each Republic of the CA Party, to which effect the Panel ruling shall individually determine the level of nullification or impairment caused by the violation for each Republic of the CA Party.

Article 315. The Reasonable Period of Time for Compliance

1. The Party complained against shall promptly notify the complaining Party of the reasonable period of time needed for compliance, as well as the specific measures it intends to adopt, where possible.

2. The disputing Parties shall endeavour to agree on the reasonable period of time necessary to comply with the Panel ruling within thirty days after notification to the disputing Parties of said ruling. Where agreement is reached, the disputing Parties shall notify the Association Committee of the agreed reasonable period of time and, where possible, the specific measures that the Party complained against intends to adopt.

3. Failing agreement between the disputing Parties on the reasonable period of time to comply with the Panel ruling within the time period established in paragraph 2, the complaining Party may request the original Panel to determine the reasonable period of time. Such request shall be made in writing and notified to the other disputing Party with copy to the Association Committee. The Panel shall notify its ruling to the disputing Parties with copy to the Association Committee within twenty days from the date of the submission of the request. Where a Panel ruling applies to more than one Republic of the CA Party, the Panel shall determine the reasonable period of time for each Republic of the CA Party.

4. In the event of the original Panel, or some of its members, being unable to reconvene, the relevant procedures set out in Article 312 shall apply. The time limit for notifying the ruling shall be thirty five days from the date of the submission of the request referred to in paragraph 3.

5. The Party complained against shall report to the Association Committee on measures taken and measures to be taken in order to comply with the Panel ruling. This report shall be in writing and shall be made no later than half way through the reasonable period of time. 6. The reasonable period of time may be extended by mutual agreement of the disputing Parties. All time periods contained in this Article constitute part of the reasonable period of time.

Article 316. Review of Any Measure Taken to Comply with the Panel Ruling

1. The Party complained against shall notify the complaining Party, with copy to the Association Committee, prior to the expiry of the reasonable period of time of any measure that it has taken to comply with the Panel ruling and provide the details such as the effective date, the relevant text of the measure and a factual and juridical explanation of how the measure taken to comply brings the Party complained against into compliance.

2. In the event of disagreement between the disputing Parties concerning the existence or compatibility of any measure notified under paragraph 1 with the provisions referred to in Article 309, the complaining Party may request in writing the original Panel to rule on the matter. Such request shall identify the specific measure at issue and it shall explain how such measure is inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 309. The Panel shall notify its ruling within forty five days of the date of the submission of the request. Where a Panel ruling applies to more than one Republic of the CA Party, the Panel shall, where necessary under the circumstances, issue its ruling pursuant to this Article for each Republic of the CA Party.

3. In the event of the original Panel, or some of its members, being unable to reconvene, the relevant procedures set out in Article 312 shall apply. The time limit for notifying the ruling shall be sixty days from the date of the submission of the request referred to in paragraph 2.

Article 317. Temporary Remedies In Case of Non-compliance

1. If any Party complained against fails to notify any measure taken to comply with the Panel ruling prior to the expiry of the reasonable period of time, as established in Article 316, paragraph 1, or if the Panel rules that the measure notified under said Article 316, paragraph 1 is inconsistent with that Party's obligations under the provisions referred to in Article 309, the Party complained against shall, if so requested by the complaining Party, present an offer for compensation. Where a Panel ruling applies to more than one Republic of the CA Party, each of the Republics of the CA Party shall present or be presented with, as the case may be, an offer for compensation, taking account of the level of nullification or impairment determined pursuant to Article 314, paragraph 4, as well as any measure notified under Article 316, paragraph 1. The EU Party will endeavour to exercise due restraint when requesting compensation pursuant to this paragraph.

2. If no agreement on compensation is reached within thirty days of the end of the reasonable period of time or of the notification of the Panel ruling under Article 316 that a measure taken to comply is inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 309, any complaining Party shall be entitled, upon notification to the Party complained against with copy to the Association Committee, to suspend obligations arising from any provision referred to in Article 309 at a level equivalent to the nullification or impairment caused by the violation. The notification shall indicate the obligations that the complaining Party intends to suspend. The complaining Party may implement the suspension ten days after the date of the notification, unless the Party complained against has requested a ruling by a Panel under paragraph 3. Where a Panel ruling applies to more than one Republic of the CA Party, suspension of obligations shall be applied individually to each non compliant Republic of the CA Party or by each Republic of the CA Party as the case may be, taking account of the individual level of nullification or impairment determined pursuant to Article 314, paragraph 4, as well as any measure notified under Article 316, paragraph 1.

3. If any Party complained against considers that the level of suspension is not equivalent to the nullification or impairment caused by the violation, it may request in writing the original Panel to rule on the matter. Such request shall be notified to the complaining Party with copy to the Association Committee prior to the expiry of the ten day period referred to in paragraph 2. The Panel shall notify its ruling on the level of the suspension of obligations to the disputing Parties with copy to the Association Committee within thirty days of the date of the submission of the request. Obligations shall not be suspended until the Panel has notified its ruling, and any suspension shall be consistent with the Panel ruling.

4. In the event of the original Panel, or some of its members, being unable to reconvene, the relevant procedures laid down in Article 312 shall apply. The time period for notifying the ruling shall be forty five days from the date of the submission of the request referred to in paragraph 3.

5. When suspending benefits pursuant to paragraph 1, the EU Party will endeavour to exercise appropriate moderation, taking into consideration, among other factors, the likely impact on the economy and level of development of the Party complained against, and opt for measures conducive to bringing the Party complained against into compliance, and least likely to adversely affect the attainment of the objectives of this Agreement.

6. The suspension of obligations shall be temporary and shall be applied only until any specific measure or measures found to be inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 309, has or have been brought into full conformity with those provisions, as established under Article 318, or until any of the disputing Parties have agreed to settle the dispute.

Article 318. Review of Any Measure Taken to Comply after the Suspension of Obligations

1. The Party complained against shall notify the complaining Party, with copy to the Association Committee, of any measure it has taken to comply with the ruling of the Panel and of its request for a termination of the suspension of obligations applied by the complaining Party.

2. If the disputing Parties fail to reach an agreement on the compatibility of the notified measure with the provisions referred to in Article 309, within thirty days of the date of the submission of the notification referred to in paragraph 1, the complaining Party shall request in writing the original Panel to rule on the matter. Such request shall be notified to the Party complained against with copy to the Association Committee. Where a Panel ruling applies to more than one Republic of the CA Party, the Panel shall issue a ruling pursuant to this Article for each Republic of the CA Party. The Panel ruling shall be notified to the disputing Parties with copy to the Association Committee within forty five days of the date of the submission of the request. If the Panel rules that any measure taken to comply is in conformity with the provisions referred to in Article 309, the suspension of obligations shall be terminated.

3. In the event of the original Panel, or some of its members, being unable to reconvene, the relevant procedures laid down in Article 312 shall apply. The time period for notifying the ruling shall be sixty days from the date of the submission of the request referred to in paragraph 2.

Section C. Common Provisions

Article 319. Rules of Procedure

1. Unless the disputing Parties agree otherwise, dispute settlement procedures under this Title shall be governed by the Rules of Procedure adopted by the Association Council.

2. Subject to the protection of confidential information, any hearing of the Panel shall be open to the public in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

3. Unless the disputing Parties agree otherwise, within five days from the date of establishment of the Panel, the terms of reference of the Panel shall be: "to examine, in the light of the relevant provisions of Part IV of this Agreement, the matter referred to in the request for establishment of the Panel, in order to rule in regard to the compatibility of the measure at issue with the provisions referred to in Article 309 of Title X (Dispute Settlement) and to issue a ruling on the subject matter in accordance with Article 313 of Title X (Dispute Settlement)."

4. Where the disputing Parties have agreed on different terms of reference, they must notify these to the Panel within two days of their agreement.

5. If a disputing Party considers that a panelist is in violation of the Code of Conduct or does not fulfil the requirements set out in Article 325, his removal may be requested in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

Article 320. Information and Technical Advice

1. At the request of a disputing Party, or upon its own initiative, the Panel may obtain information from any Party it deems appropriate for the Panel proceeding.

2. The Panel may also seek information and opinions from experts, bodies or other sources where relevant. Prior to seeking such information and opinions, the Panel shall inform the disputing Parties, who shall also be granted the opportunity to comment. Any information obtained in accordance with this paragraph must be disclosed to each of the disputing Parties in a timely manner and submitted for their comments. Such comments shall be transmitted to the Panel as well as to the other Party.

Article 321. Amicus Curiae

Natural or legal persons with an interest in the subject matter residing or established in the disputing Parties' territories are authorised to submit amicus curiae briefs for the Panel's possible consideration in accordance with the Rules of Procedure.

Article 322. Rules and Principles of Interpretation

1. Any Panel shall interpret the provisions referred to in Article 309 in accordance with customary rules of interpretation of public international law, due account being taken of the fact that the Parties must perform this Agreement in good faith and avoid circumvention of their obligations.

2. Where a provision of Part IV of this Agreement is identical to a provision in a WTO Agreement, the Panel shall adopt an interpretation which is consistent with any relevant interpretation established in rulings of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body.

3. The rulings of the Panel cannot add to or diminish the rights and obligations provided in the provisions referred to in Article 309.

Article 323. Common Provisions Regarding the Panel Rulings

1. The Panel shall make every effort to take any decision by consensus. Nonetheless, where a decision cannot be arrived at by consensus, the matter at issue shall be decided by majority vote. However, in no case shall dissenting opinions of panelists be published.

2. Any ruling of the Panel shall be final and binding on the disputing Parties and shall not create any rights or obligations for natural or legal persons.

3. The ruling shall set out the Panel's findings of fact and law, the applicability of the relevant provisions of this Agreement, and the basic rationale behind the Panel's findings and conclusions. The ruling shall also include a reference to any request for determination made by either or both disputing Parties, including as contained in the terms of reference of the Panel. The disputing Parties shall make the Panel ruling publicly available. The provisions of this paragraph do not apply to organisational rulings.

4. The Panel shall not disclose any confidential information in its ruling, but may state conclusions derived from such information.

Chapter 4. General Provisions

Article 324. Mutually Satisfactory Solution

The disputing Parties may reach a mutually satisfactory solution to a dispute under this Title at any time. They shall notify the Association Committee of any such solution. Upon notification of the mutually satisfactory solution, the procedure shall be terminated.

Article 325. List of Panelists

1. The Association Council shall, no later than six months (50) after the entry into force of this Agreement, establish a list of thirty six individuals who are willing and able to serve as panelists. The EU Party shall propose twelve individuals to serve as panelists, and each Republic of the CA Party shall propose two individuals. The EU Party and the Republics of the CA Party shall also select twelve individuals that are not nationals of either Party and who shall act as Chair-person to the Panel. The Association Council may review and amend the list at any time and shall ensure that the list is always maintained at this level in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph.

2. Panelists shall have specialised knowledge or experience in law, international trade or other matters relating to Part IV of this Agreement or in the resolution of disputes arising from international trade agreements, be independent, serve in their individual capacity and not be affiliated with, nor take instructions from, any Party or organisation, and shall comply with the Code of Conduct adopted by the Association Council.

3. The Association Council may establish additional lists of up to fifteen individuals having sectoral expertise in specific matters covered by Part IV of this Agreement. When recourse is made to the selection procedure of Article 312, the Chair-person of the Association Committee may use a sectoral list upon agreement of the Parties.

(50) As of the entry into force of this Agreement: (a) the Parties shall send the Association Council their lists of candidates within seventy five days; (b) the Association Council shall approve or reject the candidates in the lists within one hundred twenty days; (c) the Parties shall send a list of additional candidates to replace the rejected candidates within one hundred fifty days; (d) the list of candidates shall be finalised within one hundred eighty days.

Article 326. Relation with WTO Obligations

1. If a disputing Party seeks redress of a violation of an obligation under the WTO Understanding on the Rules and Procedures Governing Dispute Settlement (hereinafter referred to as "WTO DSU"), it shall have recourse to the relevant rules and procedures of the WTO Agreement.

2. If a disputing Party seeks redress of a violation of an obligation under Part IV of this Agreement, it shall have recourse to the relevant rules and procedures of this Title.

3. If a disputing Party seeks redress of a violation of an obligation under Part IV of this Agreement which at the same time implies a violation to the WTO Agreements, the Party shall have recourse to the forum of its selection.

4. The disputing Parties shall avoid bringing identical disputes in different fora when based on the same legal claims and measures.

5. In the case of non-identical disputes related to the same measure, the Parties shall refrain from initiating concurrent dispute settlement procedures.

6. Where a disputing Party has initiated dispute settlement procedures under the WTO DSU or under this Title and subsequently seeks redress of a violation of an obligation under a second forum, based on a dispute which is identical to a dispute previously brought in the other forum, that Party shall be barred from bringing the second dispute. For the purpose of this Title, the term identical shall mean a dispute based on the same legal claims and measures challenged. A dispute shall not be considered to be identical where the forum initially selected has failed for procedural or jurisdictional reasons to make findings regarding the legal claim brought before it.

7. For the purpose of the previous paragraph, a dispute settlement procedure will be deemed initiated under the WTO DSU, when the Panel is established in accordance to Article 6 of the WTO DSU, and under this Title, when a Party has requested the establishment of a Panel in accordance with Article 311, paragraph 1. Dispute settlement procedures under the WTO DSU are concluded when the Dispute Settlement Body adopts the Panel's report, or the Appellate Body's report, pursuant to Articles 16 and 17(14) of the WTO DSU. Dispute settlement procedures under this Title are concluded when the Panel notifies its ruling on the subject matter to the Parties and to the Association Committee pursuant to Article 313, paragraph 1.

8. Any question about the jurisdiction of the panels established according to this Title, shall be raised within a period of time of ten days of the establishment of the Panel and shall be resolved through a preliminary ruling within thirty days from the Panel's establishment. Once a challenge to the jurisdiction of a Panel has been made under this Article, all time limits established in this Title and in the Rules of Procedure shall be suspended pending the notification of the Panel's preliminary ruling.

9. Nothing in this Title shall preclude a disputing Party from implementing the suspension of obligations authorised by the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO. The WTO Agreement shall not be invoked to preclude a disputing Party from suspending obligations under this Title.

Article 327. Time Periods

1. All time periods laid down in this Title and in the Rules of Procedure, including the time periods for the panels to notify their rulings, shall be counted in calendar days, the first day being the day following the act or fact to which they refer.

2. Any time period referred to in this Title and in the Rules of Procedure may be modified by mutual agreement of the disputing Parties. 3. The Panel may suspend its work at any time for a period not exceeding twelve months, at the request of the complaining Party and with the agreement of the Party complained against. In this case, the time periods shall be extended during the time that the procedure has been suspended. If the Panel procedure has been suspended for more than twelve months, the terms of reference of the Panel shall elapse, without prejudice of the complaining Party's right to request consultations and subsequently request the establishment of a Panel on the same matter at a later stage. This paragraph shall not apply where the suspension is the result of attempts in good faith at reaching a mutually satisfactory solution pursuant to Article 324.

Article 328. Adoption and Modification of the Rules of Procedure and the Code of Conduct

1. The Association Council shall adopt the Rules of Procedure and the Code of Conduct during its first meeting.

2. The Association Council may modify the Rules of Procedure and the Code of Conduct.

Title XI. MEDIATION MECHANISM FOR NON-TARIFF MEASURES

Chapter 1. Scope

Article 329. Scope

1. The Mediation Mechanism shall apply to non – tariff measures which adversely affect trade between the Parties under Part IV of this Agreement.

2. The Mediation Mechanism shall not apply to any measure or other matter arising under:

(a) Title VIII on Trade and Sustainable Development;

(b) Title IX on Regional Economic Integration;

(c) Integration processes of the EU Party and of the Republics of the CA Party;

(d) Matters in which dispute settlement procedures have been excluded; and

(e) Provisions of an institutional nature in this Agreement.

3. This Title shall apply bilaterally between the EU Party on one side, and each of the Republics of the CA Party, on the other.

4. The mediation procedure shall be confidential.

Chapter 2. Procedure Under the Mediation Mechanism

Article 330. Initiation of the Procedure

1. A Party may, at any time, request in writing that the other Party partakes in the mediation procedure. The request shall include a description of the matter sufficient to present clearly the measure in question and its trade effects.

2. The Party to which such request is made shall favourably consider the request and provide a written reply within ten days of the date of receipt of the request.

3. Prior to the selection of the mediator pursuant to Article 331, the Parties to the procedure shall endeavour in good faith to reach an agreement through direct negotiations, to which effect they shall have a time period of twenty days.

Article 331. Selection of the Mediator

1. The Parties to the procedure are encouraged to agree on a mediator no later than fifteen days after the expiration of the time period referred to in Article 330 paragraph 3, or earlier if one Party notifies the other that an agreement is not feasible without the assistance of a mediator.

2. If the Parties to the procedure cannot agree on the mediator within the established time period, either Party may request appointment of the mediator by lot. Within five days of the submission of such request, each Party shall establish a list of at least three individuals that are not nationals of that Party, who fulfil the conditions of paragraph 4 and may act as mediator. Within five days of the submission of the list, each Party shall select at least one name from the other Party's list. The Chair of the Association Committee or the Chair's delegate shall then select the mediator by lot among the selected names. The selection by lot shall be made within fifteen days of the submission of the request for appointment by lot, at a time and venue to be promptly communicated to the Parties. The Parties may, if they so choose, be present at the time of the selection by lot.

3. If a Party to the procedure fails to establish the list or to select one name from the other Party's list, the Chair or the Chair's delegate shall select the mediator by lot from the list of the Party that complied with the requirements in paragraph 2.

4. The mediator shall be an expert on the subject matter to which the measure in question relates (51). The mediator shall assist the Parties to the procedure, in an impartial and transparent manner, in bringing clarity to the measure and its possible trade effects, and in reaching a mutually agreed solution.

5. When a Party to the procedure considers that the mediator is in violation of the Code of Conduct, his removal may be requested and a new mediator shall be selected in accordance with paragraphs 1 to 4.

(51) For example, in cases concerning standards and technical requirements, the mediator should have a background in relevant international standard setting bodies.

Article 332. Rules of the Mediation Procedure

1. The Parties shall participate in the mediation procedure in good faith and shall endeavour to reach a mutually satisfactory solution.

2. Within fifteen days of the appointment of the mediator, the Party having initiated the mediation procedure shall present, in writing, a detailed description of the problem to the mediator and to the other Party to the procedure, in particular of the operation of the measure at issue and its trade effects. Within ten days after the date of receipt of this submission, the other Party may provide, in writing, its comments regarding the description of the problem. Either Party may include in its description or comments any information that it deems relevant.

3. The mediator may decide on the most appropriate way of conducting the procedure, in particular whether, when and how to consult the Parties to the procedure, jointly or individually. The mediator may also determine where certain information has not been made available by the Parties, or where such information is not in the possession of the Parties, whether the circumstances necessitate the assistance of or consultation with relevant experts, government agencies and other legal or natural persons with specialised knowledge relating to the matter. Where the assistance of or consultation with relevant experts, government agencies and other legal or natural persons with specialised knowledge relating to the matter involves confidential information as defined in Article 336 of this Title, such information can only be made available after informing the Parties to the procedure and with the express condition that such information be treated as confidential information at all times.

4. Once the necessary information has been collected, the mediator may provide an assessment of the matter and the measure in question and propose a solution for consideration by the Parties to the procedure. Any such assessment shall not pertain to the consistency of the measure at issue with this Agreement.

5. The procedure shall take place in the territory of the Party to which the request was addressed, or by mutual agreement in any other location or by any other means.

6. For the fulfilment of his duties, the mediator may use any means of communication including, among others, telephone, facsimile transmissions, web links or videoconference.

7. The procedure shall normally be completed within sixty days from the date of the appointment of the mediator. At any stage, the Parties to the procedure may discontinue the procedure by mutual agreement.

Chapter 3. Implementation

Article 333. Implementation of a Mutually Agreed Solution

1. Where the Parties to the procedure have agreed on a solution to the trade obstacles caused by the measure subject to this procedure, each Party shall take any measure necessary to implement said solution without undue delay.

2. The implementing Party shall regularly inform the other Party in writing, as well as the Association Committee, of any steps or measures taken to implement the mutually agreed solution. This obligation shall cease to exist once the mutually satisfactory solution has been adequately and completely implemented.

Chapter 4. General Provisions

Article 334. Relationship to Title X on Dispute Settlement

1. The procedure under this Mediation Mechanism is independent of Title X (Dispute Settlement) of Part IV of this Agreement and not intended to serve as a basis for dispute settlement procedures under that Title or any another agreement. A request for mediation, and possible procedures under the Mediation Mechanism, shall not exclude recourse to Title X.

2. The Mediation Mechanism is without prejudice to the Parties' rights and obligations under Title X.

Article 335. Time Periods

Any time period referred to in this Title may be modified by mutual agreement of the Parties to the procedure.

Article 336. Confidentiality of Information

1. A Party to the procedure submitting documentation or submissions as part of the mediation procedure may designate such documentation or submissions, or any part thereof, as confidential.

2. Where documentation or submissions, or any part thereof, have been designated as confidential by one Party, the other Party and the mediator shall either return or destroy such documents no later than fifteen days from the conclusion of the mediation procedure.

3. Similarly, where documentation or submissions, or any part thereof, designated as confidential have been made available to relevant experts, government agencies or other natural or legal persons with specialised knowledge related to the matter, such documentation or submissions shall be returned or destroyed no later than fifteen days from the termination of the assistance or the mediators consultations.

Article 337. Costs

1. All costs of the mediation procedure shall be borne by the Parties to the procedure in equal shares. Costs shall be understood as the mediator's remuneration, his transportation, accommodation and alimentation expenses, and all general administrative costs of the mediation procedure, according to the expense claim submitted by the mediator.

2. The mediator shall maintain a complete and detailed record of all relevant expenses incurred and submit an expense claim to the Parties to the procedure, along with the supporting documents.

3. The Association Council shall establish all eligible costs as well as the remuneration and allowances to be paid to the mediator.

Title XII. TRANSPARENCY AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES

Article 338. Cooperation on Increased Transparency

The Parties agree to cooperate in relevant bilateral and multilateral fora to increase transparency, including through the elimination of bribery and corruption in matters covered by Part IV of this Agreement.

Article 339. Publication

  • Part   I GENERAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 1
  • Title   I Nature and Scope of this Agreement 1
  • Article   1 Principles 1
  • Article   2 Objectives 1
  • Article   3 Scope 1
  • Title   II Institutional Framework 1
  • Article   4 Association Council 1
  • Article   5 Composition and Rules of Procedures 1
  • Article   6 Decision-making Powers 1
  • Article   7 Association Committee 1
  • Article   8 Sub-committees 1
  • Article   9 Association Parliamentary Committee 1
  • Article   10 Joint Consultative Committee 1
  • Article   11 Civil Society 1
  • Part   II Political Dialogue 1
  • Article   12 Objectives 1
  • Article   13 Areas 1
  • Article   14 Disarmament 1
  • Article   15 Weapons of Mass Destruction 1
  • Article   16 Fight Against Terrorism 2
  • Article   17 Serious Crimes of International Concern 2
  • Article   18 Finance for Development 2
  • Article   19 Migration 2
  • Article   20 Environment 2
  • Article   21 Citizen Security 2
  • Article   22 Good Governance In the Tax Area 2
  • Article   23 Common Economic-financial Credit Fund 2
  • Part   III COOPERATION 2
  • Article   24 Objectives 2
  • Article   25 Principles 2
  • Article   26 Modalities and Methodology 2
  • Article   27 Evolutionary Clause 2
  • Article   28 Statistics Cooperation 2
  • Title   I Democracy, Human Rights and Good Governance 2
  • Article   29 Democracy and Human Rights 2
  • Article   30 Good Governance 2
  • Article   31 Modernisation of the State and Public Administration, Including Decentralisation 2
  • Article   32 Conflict Prevention and Resolution 2
  • Article   33 Reinforcement of Institutions and Rule of Law 2
  • Title   II Justice, Freedom and Security 2
  • Article   34 Personal Data Protection 2
  • Article   35 Illicit Drugs 2
  • Article   36 Money Laundering, Including the Financing of Terrorism 2
  • Article   37 Organised Crime and Citizen Security 2
  • Article   38 The Fight Against Corruption 2
  • Article   39 Illicit Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons 3
  • Article   40 The Fight Against Terrorism with Full Respect for Human Rights 3
  • Title   III Social Development and Social Cohesion 3
  • Article   41 Social Cohesion Including the Fight Against Poverty, Inequalities and Exclusion 3
  • Article   42 Employment and Social Protection 3
  • Article   43 Education and Training 3
  • Article   44 Public Health 3
  • Article   45 Indigenous Peoples and other Ethnic Groups 3
  • Article   46 Vulnerable Groups 3
  • Article   47 Gender 3
  • Article   48 Youth 3
  • Title   IV Migration 3
  • Article   49 Migration 3
  • Title   V Environment, Natural Disasters and Climate Change 3
  • Article   50 Cooperation on Environment 3
  • Article   51 Management of Natural Disasters 3
  • Title   VI Economic and Trade Development 3
  • Article   52 Cooperation and Technical Assistance In the Field of Competition Policy 3
  • Article   53 Customs Cooperation and Mutual Assistance 3
  • Article   54 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Customs and Trade Facilitation 3
  • Article   55 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer 3
  • Article   56 Cooperation on Establishment, Trade In Services and Electronic Commerce 3
  • Article   57 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Technical Barriers to Trade 4
  • Article   58 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Government Procurement 4
  • Article   59 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Fisheries and Aquaculture 4
  • Article   60 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Artisanal Goods 4
  • Article   61 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Organic Goods 4
  • Article   62 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Food Safety, Sanitary and Phytosanitary Matters and Animal Welfare Issues 4
  • Article   63 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Trade and Sustainable Development 4
  • Article   64 Industrial Cooperation 4
  • Article   65 Energy (including Renewable Energy) 4
  • Article   66 Cooperation on Mining 4
  • Article   67 Fair and Sustainable Tourism 4
  • Article   68 Transport Cooperation 4
  • Article   69 Good Governance In the Tax Area 4
  • Article   70 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 4
  • Article   71 Cooperation on Microcredit and Microfinance 4
  • Title   VII Regional Integration 4
  • Article   72 Cooperation In the Field of Regional Integration 4
  • Article   73 Regional Cooperation 4
  • Title   VIII Culture and Audio-visual Cooperation 4
  • Article   74 Culture and Audio-visual Cooperation 4
  • Section   TITLE IX Knowledge Society 4
  • Article   75 Information Society 4
  • Article   76 Scientific and Technological Cooperation 4
  • Part   IV TRADE 5
  • Title   I INITIAL PROVISIONS 5
  • Article   77 Establishment of a Free Trade Area and Relation to the Wto Agreement 5
  • Article   78 Objectives 5
  • Article   79 Definitions of General Application 5
  • Title   II TRADE IN GOODS 5
  • Chapter   1 National Treatment and Market Access for Goods 5
  • Section   A General Provisions 5
  • Article   80 Objective 5
  • Article   81 Scope 5
  • Section   B Elimination of Custom Duties 5
  • Article   82 Classification of Goods 5
  • Article   83 Elimination of Customs Duties 5
  • Article   84 Standstill 5
  • Section   C Non-tariff Measures 5
  • Article   85 National Treatment 5
  • Article   86 Import and Export Restrictions 5
  • Article   87 Fees and other Charges on Imports and Exports 5
  • Article   88 Duties or Taxes on Exports 5
  • Section   D Agriculture 5
  • Article   89 Agricultural Export Subsidies 5
  • Section   E Fisheries, Aquaculture, Artisanal Goods and Organic Products 5
  • Article   90 Technical Cooperation 5
  • Section   F Institutional Provisions 5
  • Article   91 Sub-committee on Market Access for Goods 5
  • Chapter   2 Trade Remedies 5
  • Section   A Anti-dumping and Countervailing Measures 5
  • Article   92 General Provisions 5
  • Article   93 Transparency and Legal Certainty 5
  • Article   94 Consideration of Public Interest 5
  • Article   95 Lesser Duty Rule 5
  • Article   96 Causal Link 5
  • Article   97 Cumulative Assessment 5
  • Article   98 Exclusion from Dispute Settlement Procedures 5
  • Section   B Safeguard Measures 5
  • Subsection   B.1 General Provisions 5
  • Article   99 Administration of Safeguard Proceedings 5
  • Article   100 Non Cumulation 5
  • Subsection   B.2 Multilateral Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   101 General Provisions 5
  • Article   102 Transparency 5
  • Article   103 Exclusion from Dispute Settlement Procedures 5
  • Subsection   B.3 Bilateral Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   104 Application of a Bilateral Safeguard Measure 5
  • Article   105 Conditions and Limitations 5
  • Article   106 Provisional Measures 5
  • Article   107 Compensation and Suspension of Concessions 5
  • Article   108 Time Lapse In between Two Measures 5
  • Article   109 Outermost Regions 5
  • Subsection   B.4 Procedural Rules Applicable to Bilateral Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   110 Applicable Law 5
  • Article   111 Initiation of a Proceeding 5
  • Article   112 Investigation 5
  • Article   113 Evidence of Injury and Causal Link 6
  • Article   114 Hearings 6
  • Article   115 Confidential Information 6
  • Article   116 Notifications and Publications 6
  • Chapter   3 Customs and Trade Facilitation 6
  • Article   117 Objectives 6
  • Article   118 Customs and Trade-related Procedures 6
  • Article   119 Transit Movements 6
  • Article   120 Relations with the Business Community 6
  • Article   121 Customs Valuation 6
  • Article   122 Risk Management 6
  • Article   123 Sub-committee on Customs, Trade Facilitation and Rules of Origin 6
  • Article   124 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Customs and Trade Facilitation 6
  • Chapter   4 Technical Barriers to Trade 6
  • Article   125 Objectives 6
  • Article   126 General Provisions 6
  • Article   127 Scope and Coverage 6
  • Article   128 Definitions 6
  • Article   129 Technical Regulations 6
  • Article   130 Standards 6
  • Article   131 Conformity Assessment and Accreditation 6
  • Article   132 Special and Differential Treatment 6
  • Article   133 Cooperation and Technical Assistance 6
  • Article   134 Collaboration and Regional Integration 6
  • Article   135 Transparency and Notification Procedures 6
  • Article   136 Market Surveillance 6
  • Article   137 Fees 6
  • Article   138 Marking and Labelling 6
  • Article   139 Sub-committee on Technical Barriers to Trade 7
  • Chapter   5 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 7
  • Article   140 Objectives 7
  • Article   141 Multilateral Rights and Obligations 7
  • Article   142 Scope 7
  • Article   143 Definitions 7
  • Article   144 Competent Authorities 7
  • Article   145 General Principles 7
  • Article   146 Import Requirements 7
  • Article   147 Trade Facilitation 7
  • Article   148 Verifications 7
  • Article   149 Measures Linked to Animal and Plant Health 7
  • Article   150 Equivalence 7
  • Article   151 Transparency and Exchange of Information 7
  • Article   152 Notification and Consultation 7
  • Article   153 Emergency Measures 7
  • Article   154 Cooperation and Technical Assistance 7
  • Article   155 Special and Differential Treatment 7
  • Article   156 Sub-committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Matters 7
  • Article   157 Dispute Settlement 7
  • Chapter   6 Exceptions Related to Goods 7
  • Article   158 General Exceptions 7
  • Title   III ESTABLISHMENT, TRADE IN SERVICES AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 7
  • Chapter   1 General Provisions 7
  • Article   159 Objective, Scope and Coverage 7
  • Article   160 Definitions 7
  • Article   161 Cooperation on Establishment, Trade In Services and E-commerce 7
  • Chapter   2 Establishment 7
  • Article   162 Definitions 7
  • Article   163 Coverage 7
  • Article   164 Market Access 8
  • Article   165 National Treatment 8
  • Article   166 Lists of Commitments 8
  • Article   167 Other Agreements 8
  • Article   168 Review 8
  • Chapter   3 Cross-border Supply of Services 8
  • Article   169 Coverage and Definitions 8
  • Article   170 Market Access 8
  • Article   171 National Treatment 8
  • Article   172 Lists of Commitments 8
  • Chapter   4 Temporary Presence of Natural Persons for Business Purposes 8
  • Article   173 Coverage and Definitions 8
  • Article   174 Key Personnel and Graduate Trainees 8
  • Article   175 Business Services Sellers 8
  • Article   176 Contractual Services Suppliers and Independent Professionals 8
  • Chapter   5 Regulatory Framework 8
  • Section   A Provisions of General Application 8
  • Article   177 Mutual Recognition 8
  • Article   178 Transparency and Disclosure of Confidential Information 8
  • Article   179 Procedures 8
  • Section   B Computer Services 8
  • Article   180 Understanding on Computer Services 8
  • Section   C Courier Services 8
  • Article   181 Scope and Definitions 8
  • Article   182 Prevention of Anti-competitive Practices In the Courier Sector 8
  • Article   183 Licences 8
  • Article   184 Independence of the Regulatory Bodies 8
  • Section   D Telecommunications Services 8
  • Article   185 Definitions and Scope 8
  • Article   186 Regulatory Authority 8
  • Article   187 Authorisation to Provide Telecommunications Services  (23) 8
  • Article   188 Competitive Safeguards on Major Suppliers 9
  • Article   189 Interconnection  (25) 9
  • Article   190 Scarce Resources 9
  • Article   191 Universal Service 9
  • Article   192 Confidentiality of Information 9
  • Article   193 Disputes between Suppliers 9
  • Article   194 Scope and Definitions 9
  • Article   195 Prudential Carve-out 9
  • Article   196 Effective and Transparent Regulation 9
  • Article   197 New Financial Services 9
  • Article   198 Data Processing 9
  • Article   199 Specific Exceptions 9
  • Section   F International Maritime Transport Services 9
  • Article   200 Scope, Definitions and Principles 9
  • Chapter   6 Electronic Commerce 9
  • Article   201 Objective and Principles 9
  • Article   202 Regulatory Aspects of E-commerce 9
  • Chapter   7 Exceptions 9
  • Article   203 General Exceptions 9
  • Title   IV Current Payments and Capital Movements 9
  • Article   204 Objective and Scope 9
  • Article   205 Current Account 9
  • Article   206 Capital Account 9
  • Article   207 Safeguard Measures 9
  • Article   208 Final Provisions 10
  • Title   V Government Procurement 10
  • Article   209 Introduction 10
  • Article   210 Scope and Coverage 10
  • Article   211 General Principles 10
  • Article   212 Publication of Procurement Information 10
  • Article   213 Publication of Notices 10
  • Article   214 Conditions for Participation 10
  • Article   215 Qualification or Registration of Suppliers 10
  • Article   216 Technical Specifications 10
  • Article   217 Tender Documentation 10
  • Article   218 Time Periods 10
  • Article   219 Negotiations 10
  • Article   220 The Use of Limited Tendering or other Equivalent Tendering Procedures 10
  • Article   221 Electronic Auctions 11
  • Article   222 Treatment of Tenders and Award of Contracts 11
  • Article   223 Transparency of Procurement Information 11
  • Article   224 Disclosure of Information 11
  • Article   225 Domestic Review Procedures 11
  • Article   226 Modifications and Rectifications of Coverage 11
  • Article   227 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Government Procurement 11
  • Title   VI INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 11
  • Chapter   1 Objectives and Principles 11
  • Article   228 Objectives 11
  • Article   229 Nature and Scope of Obligations 11
  • Article   230 Most Favoured Nation and National Treatment 11
  • Article   231 Transfer of Technology 11
  • Article   232 Exhaustion 11
  • Chapter   2 Standards Concerning Intellectual Property Rights 11
  • Section   A Copyrights and Related Rights 11
  • Article   233 Protection Granted 11
  • Article   234 Duration of Authors' Rights 11
  • Article   235 Duration of Related Rights 11
  • Article   236 Collective Management of Rights 11
  • Article   237 Broadcasting and Communication to the Public 11
  • Section   B Trademarks 11
  • Article   238 International Agreements 11
  • Article   239 Registration Procedure 11
  • Article   240 Well-known Trademarks 11
  • Article   241 Exceptions to the Rights Conferred by a Trademark 11
  • Section   C Geographical Indications 11
  • Article   242 General Provisions 11
  • Article   243 Scope and Coverage 11
  • Article   244 System of Protection 11
  • Article   245 Established Geographical Indications 11
  • Article   246 Protection Granted 11
  • Article   247 Addition of New Geographical Indications 11
  • Article   248 Relationship between Geographical Indications and Trademarks 11
  • Article   249 Right of Use of Geographical Indications 11
  • Article   250 Dispute Settlement 12
  • Section   D Industrial Designs 12
  • Article   251 International Agreements 12
  • Article   252 Requirements for Protection 12
  • Article   253 Exceptions 12
  • Article   254 Rights Conferred 12
  • Article   255 Term of Protection 12
  • Article   256 Invalidity or Refusal of Registration 12
  • Article   257 Relationship to Copyright 12
  • Section   E Patents 12
  • Article   258 International Agreements 12
  • Section   F Plant Varieties 12
  • Article   259 Plant Varieties 12
  • Chapter   3 Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights 12
  • Article   260 General Obligations 12
  • Article   261 Entitled Applicants 12
  • Article   262 Evidence 12
  • Article   263 Measures for Preserving Evidence 12
  • Article   264 Right of Information 12
  • Article   265 Provisional and Precautionary Measures 12
  • Article   266 Corrective Measures 12
  • Article   267 Damages 12
  • Article   268 Legal Costs 12
  • Article   269 Publication of Judicial Decisions 12
  • Article   270 Presumption of Ownership 12
  • Article   271 Criminal Sanctions 12
  • Article   272 Limitations on Liability for Service Providers 12
  • Article   273 Border Measures 12
  • Chapter   4 Institutional Provisions 12
  • Article   274 Sub-committee on Intellectual Property 12
  • Article   275 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Intellectual Property 12
  • Article   276 Final Provisions 12
  • Title   VII Trade and Competition 12
  • Article   277 Definitions 12
  • Article   278 Principles 12
  • Article   279 Implementation 12
  • Article   280 Public Enterprises and Enterprises Entrusted with Special or Exclusive Rights Including Designated Monopolies 12
  • Article   281 Exchange of Non Confidential Information and Enforcement Cooperation 12
  • Article   282 Cooperation and Technical Assistance 12
  • Article   283 Dispute Settlement 12
  • Title   VIII Trade and Sustainable Development 12
  • Article   284 Context and Objectives 12
  • Article   285 Right to Regulate and Levels of Protection 12
  • Article   286 Multilateral Labour Standards and Agreements 12
  • Article   287 Multilateral Environmental Standards and Agreements 13
  • Article   288 Trade Favouring Sustainable Development 13
  • Article   289 Trade In Forest Products 13
  • Article   290 Trade In Fish Products 13
  • Article   291 Upholding Levels of Protection 13
  • Article   292 Scientific Information 13
  • Article   293 Sustainability Review 13
  • Article   294 Institutional and Monitoring Mechanism 13
  • Article   295 Civil Society Dialogue Forum 13
  • Article   296 Government Consultations 13
  • Article   297 Panel of Experts 13
  • Article   298 Composition of the Panel of Experts 13
  • Article   299 Rules of Procedure 13
  • Article   300 Initial Report 13
  • Article   301 Final Report 13
  • Article   302 Cooperation and Technical Assistance on Trade and Sustainable Development 13
  • Title   IX Regional Economic Integration 13
  • Article   303 General Provisions 13
  • Article   304 Customs Procedures 13
  • Article   305 Technical Barriers to Trade 13
  • Article   306 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 13
  • Article   307 Implementation 13
  • Title   X DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 13
  • Chapter   1 Objective and Scope 13
  • Article   308 Objective 13
  • Article   309 Scope 13
  • Chapter   2 Consultations 13
  • Article   310 Consultations 13
  • Chapter   3 Dispute Settlement Procedures 14
  • Section   A Panel Procedure 14
  • Article   311 Initiation of the Panel Procedure 14
  • Article   312 Establishment of the Panel 14
  • Article   313 Panel Ruling 14
  • Section   B Compliance 14
  • Article   314 Compliance with the Panel Ruling 14
  • Article   315 The Reasonable Period of Time for Compliance 14
  • Article   316 Review of Any Measure Taken to Comply with the Panel Ruling 14
  • Article   317 Temporary Remedies In Case of Non-compliance 14
  • Article   318 Review of Any Measure Taken to Comply after the Suspension of Obligations 14
  • Section   C Common Provisions 14
  • Article   319 Rules of Procedure 14
  • Article   320 Information and Technical Advice 14
  • Article   321 Amicus Curiae 14
  • Article   322 Rules and Principles of Interpretation 14
  • Article   323 Common Provisions Regarding the Panel Rulings 14
  • Chapter   4 General Provisions 14
  • Article   324 Mutually Satisfactory Solution 14
  • Article   325 List of Panelists 14
  • Article   326 Relation with WTO Obligations 14
  • Article   327 Time Periods 14
  • Article   328 Adoption and Modification of the Rules of Procedure and the Code of Conduct 14
  • Title   XI MEDIATION MECHANISM FOR NON-TARIFF MEASURES 14
  • Chapter   1 Scope 14
  • Article   329 Scope 14
  • Chapter   2 Procedure Under the Mediation Mechanism 14
  • Article   330 Initiation of the Procedure 14
  • Article   331 Selection of the Mediator 14
  • Article   332 Rules of the Mediation Procedure 14
  • Chapter   3 Implementation 14
  • Article   333 Implementation of a Mutually Agreed Solution 14
  • Chapter   4 General Provisions 14
  • Article   334 Relationship to Title X on Dispute Settlement 14
  • Article   335 Time Periods 14
  • Article   336 Confidentiality of Information 14
  • Article   337 Costs 14
  • Title   XII TRANSPARENCY AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 14
  • Article   338 Cooperation on Increased Transparency 14
  • Article   339 Publication 15
  • Article   340 Contact Points and Exchange of Information 15
  • Article   341 Administrative Proceedings 15
  • Article   342 Review and Appeal 15
  • Article   343 Specific Rules 15
  • Article   344 Transparency In Subsidies 15
  • Title   XIII SPECIFIC TASKS IN TRADE MATTERS OF THE BODIES ESTABLISHED UNDER THIS AGREEMENT 15
  • Article   345 Specific Tasks of the Association Council 15
  • Article   346 Specific Tasks of the Association Committee 15
  • Article   347 Coordinators of Part IV of this Agreement 15
  • Article   348 Sub-committees 15
  • Title   XIV EXCEPTIONS 15
  • Article   349 Balance of Payments 15
  • Article   350 Taxation 15
  • Article   351 Regional Preference 15
  • Part   V Final Provisions 15
  • Article   352 Definition of the Parties 15
  • Article   353 Entry Into Force 15
  • Article   354 Duration 15
  • Article   355 Fulfilment of the Obligations 15
  • Article   356 Rights and Obligations Under this Agreement 15
  • Article   357 Exceptions 15
  • Article   358 Future Developments 15
  • Article   359 Accession of New Members 15
  • Article   360 Territorial Application 15
  • Article   361 Reservations and Interpretative Declarations 15
  • Article   362 Annexes, Appendices, Protocols and Notes, Footnotes and Joint Declarations 15
  • Article   363 Authentic Texts 16