Article 1 of Law No. 22 of February 9, 1956, dentistry
Article 10 of Ministerial Decree No. 16 of January 22, 1969, regulating the careers of resident physicians, interns, specialists and dentists and creates the positions of General Practitioner and Medical Specialist.
Article 3 of Resolution No. 1 of March 14, 1983, which approves the Regulations for Specialties in Dentistry
Articles 5 and 6 of Law No. 13 of May 15, 2006, Exercise of the profession of dental assistance technician.
Articles 37, 108, 197 and 198 of Law No. 66 of November 10, 1947, approving the Sanitary Code on Medical Professions.
Article 9 of Law No. 1 of January 6, 1954, concerning the profession of professional nurses, which gives stability to the profession and regulates the pension of retired nurses.
Article 3 of Law No. 74 of September 19, 1978, Clinical Laboratory Personnel, as amended by Article 1 of Law No. 8 of April 25, 1983.
Article 4 of Law No. 48 of November 22, 1984, auxiliaries and support personnel working in clinical laboratories governed by the Ministry of Health and the Social Security Reserve Fund and Foundation and regulating said profession
Articles 7, 13 and 15 of Law No. 47 of November 22, 1984, physiotherapy or kinesiology.
Article 2 of Decree Law No. 8 of April 20, 1967, chiropractor
Article 6 of Law No. 42 of October 29, 1980, Radiological Medical Technician, modified by Article 5 of Law No. 53 of September 18, 2009.
Article 6 of Law No. 13 of August 23, 1984, on specialists in medical records and health statistics employed by public health agencies, which regulates their salary scale, and establishes other provisions (medical records assistants and specialists in health statistics, medical records technicians and health statistics technicians).
Resolution No. 1 of April 15, 1985, orthopedic and nuclear medicine technicians.
Resolution No. 2 of June 1, 1987, neurophysiological technician, encephalogram technician, and electroneurography or evoked potential technician.
Resolution No. 1 of February 8, 1988, occupational health technician.
Article 6 of Law No. 36 of August 2, 2010, which recognizes the profession of occupational therapy.
Article 2 of Resolution No. 10 of March 24, 1992, Respiratory Therapy Technician or Respiratory Inhalation Therapy Technician
Article 3 of Resolution No. 19 of November 12, 1991, prosthetist-orthopedic technician
Article 2 of Resolution No. 7 of December 15, 1992, which regulates the practice of histology and the professions of histology assistant and cytology assistant.
Articles 5, 6 and 7 of Law No. 27 of May 22, 2009, which regulates the histology profession.
Article 2 of Resolution No. 50 of September 14, 1993, radiological health technician.
Article 2 of Resolution No. 1 of January 21, 1994, cardiovascular perfusion technician.
Article 2 of Resolution No. 2 of January 25, 1994, technician and assistant technician in medical information technology.
Article 2 of Resolution No. 4 of June 10, 1996, assistant medical technician radiologist
Article 3 of Resolution No. 5 of June 10, 1996, by which the Ministry of Health recognizes the profession of emergency medical technician.
Article 3 of Resolution No. 1 of May 25, 1998, specialist in emergency surgery.
Article 3 of Resolution No. 2 of May 25, 1998, Technician in Human Genetics
Article 35 of Law No. 24 of January 29, 1963, which creates the Board of Directors of the National College of Pharmacists and regulates pharmaceutical establishments.
Articles 11 and 20 of Law No. 45 of August 7, 2001, chemical
Article 5 of Law No. 4 of January 23, 1956, which creates the Technical Commission and regulates the professions of barber and cosmetologist, as amended by Article 2 of Law No. 51 of January 31, 1963.
Articles 4 and 5 of Law No. 15 of January 22, 2003, Orthopedic Technology and Traumatology.
Article 5 of Resolution No. 3 of August 26, 2004, medical physicist
Article 17 of Law No. 19 of June 5, 2007, Lifeguards in aquatic environments
Article 3 of Law No. 49 of December 5, 2007, community developer
Article 5 of Law No. 31 of June 3, 2005 on Emergency Medical Technicians and Professionals from 2008,
Article 3 of Law No. 28 of May 22 Early stimulation and family counseling from 2008,
Article 5 of Law No. 53 of August 5 respiratory therapist from 2008,
Article 5 of Law No. 17 of February 12, 2002 on Biological Sciences from 2009,
Article 4 of Law No. 24 of April 30, 2009, Ministry of Health vector control technician
Article 5 of Law No. 52 of September 18, 2009, technician and graduate in gerontology.
Article 5 of Law No. 51 of July 14, 2003, profession of nuclear medicine technologist.
Description:Cross Border Trade in Services
The person who practices a profession listed in the Measures of this reserve must be a Panamanian national. See reciprocity or residency requirement applies, as applicable.
22. Sector: Professional Services - Engineers and Architects
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: National Treatment (Article 13.3) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 13.4) Local Presence (Article 13.6)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Articles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 of Law 15 of January 26, 1959
Article 4 of Law 53 of February 4, 1963
Articles 1 and 3 of Decree 257 of September 3, 1965
Article 1 of Law No. 21 of June 20, 2007
Description:Cross Border Trade in Services
1. Only the holder of a certificate of suitability issued by the Technical Board of Engineers and Architects may work as an engineer or architect. The Technical Board may grant such certificate to:
(a) a Panamanian national;
(b) a foreign national married to a Panamanian national or who is the parent of a Panamanian child. In the case of foreigners with a Panamanian spouse or children, it is required that they have obtained permanent residence in the country; or
(c) a foreign national who is authorized to practice in a jurisdiction that permits Panamanian nationals to practice as engineers or architects under the same conditions.
2. The Technical Board may also authorize a company to hire an architect or engineer who is a foreign national for a period of up to twelve (12) months if there are no qualified Panamanians to provide the service in question. In such case, the firm must hire a qualified Panamanian national during the contract period, who shall replace the foreign national upon termination of such contract.
3. Only a company registered with the Technical Board may provide engineering or architectural services in Panama. To register:
(a) the company must have its corporate domicile in Panama, unless an international agreement stipulates otherwise; and
(b) persons employed by the company who are responsible for supplying the services must be qualified to perform such services in Panama.
23. Sector: Telecommunications Services
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: Market Access (Article 13.5)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Law No. 17 of July 9, 1991
Law No. 5 of February 9, 1995.
Law No. 31 of February 8, 1996
Executive Decree No. 73 of April 9, 1997 Executive
Decree No. 21 of 1996
JD-025 Regulation of December 12, 1996 JD-080 Regulation of April 10, 1997
Concession Contract No. 30-A of February 5, 1996 between the State and BSC (Bell South Panamá, S.A.)
Concession Contract No. 309 of October 24, 1997 between the State and Cable Wireless Panamá, S.A.
Executive Decree No. 58 of May 12, 2008
Concession Contract No. 10-2008 dated May 27, 2008 between the State and Digicel Panamá, S.A.
Concession Contract No. 11-2008 dated May 27, 2008 between the State and Claro Panamá, S.A.
Description: Cross Border Trade in Services
Cellular mobile telephony services will be provided exclusively by four (4) operators that have received the concession from the State.
24. Sector: Telecommunications Services
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: Local Presence (Article 13.6)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Law No. 31 of February 8, 1996.
Executive Decree No. 73 of April 9, 1997
Description: Cross Border Trade in Services
A telecommunication service provided directly to users in Panama may only be provided by a person domiciled in Panama.
25. Sector: Commercial Services; Nightclubs, Bars, Pubs, Canteens and Wineries.
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: Market Access (Article 13.5)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Law No. 55 of July 10, 1973
Law No. 5 of January 11, 2007.
Executive Decree No. 26 of July 12, 2007
Description: Cross Border Trade in Services
1. A license shall not be granted for the operation of bars in any district in Panama when the number of bars existing in said district exceeds the proportion of one (1) per one thousand (1000) inhabitants, according to the last official population census.
2. When an establishment considered as level 1, in accordance with national legislation, such as restaurants, cafeterias, grills, food service in hotels, tourist lodging establishments, comes to have the sale of liquor as its main activity, or the nature of the business falls within level 2, the limitation indicated in paragraph 1 shall apply to it.
26. Sector:Community, Social and Personal Services
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: Market Access (Article 13.5)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Article 297 of the 1972 Constitution
Description: Cross Border Trade in Services
Only the Panamanian State may operate games of chance or other gambling activities in Panama.
27. Sector: Communications Services
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: Market Access (Article 13.5)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Article 301 of the Fiscal Code of the Republic of Panama approved through Law No. 8 of January 27, 1956, as amended by Law No. 20 of August 11, 1994.
Description: Cross Border Trade in Services
Only the Government of Panama may operate postal services in Panama.
28. Sector: Ports and Airports
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: Market Access (Article 13.5)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Decree Law No. 7 of February 10, 1998
Law No. 23 of January 29, 2003.
Description: Cross Border Trade in Services
The Executive Branch of the Government of Panama has discretion to determine the number of concessions for national ports and airports.
Annex I. Schedule of Peru
1. Sector: All Sectors
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: National Treatment (Article 12.2)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Political Constitution of Peru (1993), article 71.
Legislative Decree No. 757, Official Gazette "El Peruano" of November 13, 1991, Framework Law for the Growth of Private Investment, Article 13.
Description: Investment
No foreign national, company incorporated under foreign law or company incorporated under Peruvian law, wholly or partially, directly or indirectly, in the hands of foreign nationals, may acquire or own by any title, directly or indirectly, lands or waters (including mines, forests or energy sources) within fifty (50) kilometers of the borders of Peru. By Supreme Decree approved by the Council of Ministers, exceptions may be authorized in case of expressly declared public necessity.
For each case of acquisition or possession in the referred area, the investor must submit the corresponding request to the competent Ministry in accordance with the legal regulations in force. For example, this type of authorization has been granted in the mining sector.
2. Sector: Fishing and Fishing-Related Services
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: National Treatment (Article 13.3)
Level of government: Central
Measures: Supreme Decree N° 012-2001-PE, Official Gazette "El Peruano" of March 14, 2001, Regulation of the General Fisheries Law, articles 67, 68, 69 and 70.
Description: Cross-Border Trade in Services
The owners of foreign-flagged fishing vessels, prior to the start of their operations, shall submit a joint and several, irrevocable, unconditional and automatic performance bond, valid for no more than thirty (30) calendar days after the date of the termination of the fishing permit, issued in favor and to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Production, by a banking, financial or insurance institution, duly recognized by the Superintendence of Banking and Insurance. Said letter shall be issued for a value equivalent to twenty-five percent (25%) of the amount due for payment of the fishing fee.
Owners of foreign flagged fishing vessels that are not of larger scale (according to the above mentioned regulation) and that operate in Peruvian jurisdictional waters, are obliged to have the Satellite Tracking System on their vessels, unless by Ministerial Resolution, owners of highly migratory fisheries are exempted from such obligation.
Foreign-flagged fishing vessels with a fishing permit must carry on board a scientific technical observer designated by the Instituto de Mar del Perú (IMARPE). The shipowners, in addition to providing accommodation on board for said representative, must pay an allowance per day of boarding, which will be deposited in a special account managed by IMARPE for this purpose.
Owners of foreign-flagged fishing vessels operating in Peruvian jurisdictional waters must hire a minimum of thirty percent (30%) of Peruvian crew members, subject to applicable national legislation.
3. Sector: Broadcasting Services
Subsector:
Obligations Affected: National Treatment (Article 12.2) Local Presence (Article 13.6)
Level of government: Central