Title

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS

Preamble

The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United Arab Emirates;

Desiring to create favourable conditions for greater investment by investors of one State in the territory of the other State, and for the transfer of technology between the two countries;

Recognising that the encouragement and reciprocal protection under international agreement of such investments will be conducive to the stimulation of individual business initiative and will increase prosperity in both States;

Have agreed as follows:

Body

Article 1. Definitions

For the purpose of this Agreement:

(a) "investment" means every kind of asset owned or controlled by investors of either of the Contracting Parties and in particular, though not exclusively, includes:

(i) Movable and immovable property and any other property rights such as mortgages, liens, or pledges.

(ii) Shares in and stock and debentures of a company and any other form of participation in a company.

(iii) Liquid assets, deposits and claims to money or to any performance under contract having a financial value.

(iv) Intellectual property rights, goodwill, technical processes and know-how.

(v) Business concessions conferred by law or under contract, including concessions to search for, cultivate, extract or exploit natural resources.

A change in the form in which assets are invested does not affect their character as investments and the term "investment" includes all investments, whether made before or after the date of entry into force of this Agreement;

(b) "returns" means the amounts yielded by an investment and in particular, though not exclusively, includes profit, interest, capital gains, dividends, royalties and fees.

(c) "nationals" means:

(i) In respect of the United Kingdom: physical persons deriving their status as United Kingdom nationals from the law in force in the United Kingdom.

(ii) In respect of the United Arab Emirates: natural and physical persons deriving their status as United Arab Emirates nationals from the law in force in the United Arab Emirates.

(d) "companies" means:

(i) In respect of the United Kingdom: corporations, firms and associations incorporated or constituted under the law in force in any part of the United Kingdom or in any territory to which this Agreement is extended in accordance with the provisions of Article 12.

(ii) In respect of the United Arab Emirates: any entity established in accordance with and recognized as a juridical person by the law of the State, such as public and private companies, corporations, business associations, authorities, partnerships, foundations, firms, institutions, establishments, agencies, development funds, enterprises, co-operatives, and organizations or other similar entities irrespective of whether their liabilities are limited, or otherwise.

(e) "investors" means: any national or company of one of the Contracting Parties or the Government of one of the Contracting Parties, or the Government of any of the Emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

(f) "territory" means:

(i) In respect of the United Kingdom: Great Britain and Northern Ireland, including the territorial sea and any maritime area situated beyond the territorial sea of the United Kingdom which has been or might in the future be designated under the national law of the United Kingdom in accordance with international law as an area within which the United Kingdom may exercise rights with regard to the sea-bed and subsoil and the natural resources and any territory to which this Agreement is extended in accordance with the provisions of Article 12.

(ii) In respect of the United Arab Emirates: all land territory including the territorial sea, economic zone and continental shelf.

(g) "associated activities" means the organization, control, operation, maintenance and disposal of juridical persons, branches, agencies, offices or other facilities for the conduct of business: the acquisition, use, protection and disposal of property of all kinds, including intellectual and industrial property rights, and the borrowing of funds, the purchase, issue and disposal of equity, shares and the purchase and disposal of foreign exchange for imports, all subject to the laws and regulations of the Contracting Party in whose territory the investment is made.

Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Investment

(1) Each Contracting Party shall encourage and create favourable conditions for investors of the other Contracting Party to invest in its territory, and, subject to its right to exercise powers conferred by its laws and regulations shall admit such investment and permit associated activities.

(2) Investments of investors of each Contracting Party shall at all times be accorded fair and equitable treatment and shall enjoy full protection and security in the manner consistent with international law in the territory of the other Contracting Party. Neither Contracting Party shall in any way impair by unreasonable, arbitrary or discriminatory measures the management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal of investments in its territory of investors of the other Contracting Party. Each Contracting Party shall observe any obligation it may have entered into with regard to investments of investors of the other Contracting Party.

Article 3. National Treatment and Most-favoured-nation Provisions

(1) Neither Contracting Party shall in its territory subject investments, associated activities or returns of investors of the other Contracting Party to treatment less favourable than that which it accords to investments, associated activities or returns of its own investors or to investments, associated activities or returns of investors of any third State.

(2) Neither Contracting Party shall in its territory subject investors of the other Contracting Party, as regards their management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal of their investments, to treatment less favourable than that which it accords to its own investors or to investors of any third State.

Article 4. Compensation for Losses

(1) Investors of one Contracting Party whose investments in the territory of the other Contracting Party suffer losses owing to war or other armed conflict, revolution, state of national emergency, revolt, insurrection or riot in the territory of the latter Contracting Party shall be accorded by the latter Contracting Party treatment, as bards restitution, indemnification, compensation or other settlement no less favourable an that which the latter Contracting Party accords to its own investors or to investors of any third State. Resulting payments shall be freely transferable.

(2) Without prejudice to paragraph (1) of this Article, investors of one Contracting Party who in any of the situations referred to in that paragraph suffer losses in the territory of the other Contracting Party resulting from:paragraph (1) of this Article, investors of one Contracting Party who in any of the situations referred to in that paragraph suffer losses in the territory of the other Contracting Party resulting from:

(a) Requisitioning of their property by its forces or authorities, or

(b) Destruction of their property by its forces or authorities, which was not caused in combat action or was not required by the necessity of the situation.

Shall be accorded restitution or adequate compensation. Resulting payments shall be freely transferable.

Article 5. Exceptions

The provisions of this Agreement relative to the grant of treatment not less favourable than that accorded to the investors of either Contracting Party or of any third State shall not be construed so as to oblige one Contracting Party to extend to the investors of the other the benefit of any treatment, preference or privilege resulting from:

(a) Any existing or future customs union or similar international agreement to which either of the Contracting Parties is or may become a party, or

(b) Any international agreement or arrangement relating wholly or mainly to taxation or any domestic legislation relating wholly or mainly to taxation.

Article 6. Expropriation

(1) Investments of investors of either Contracting Party shall not be nationalized, expropriated or subjected to measures having the effect of dispossession, direct or indirect, or having effect equivalent to nationalization or expropriation (hereinafter referred to as "expropriation") in the territory of the other Contracting Party except for a public purpose related to the internal needs of that Party on a non-discriminatory basis, under due process of law, not being contrary to any contractual obligation undertaken by a Contracting Party in favour of an investor, and against prompt, adequate and effective compensation. Such compensation shall amount to the genuine value of the investment expropriated immediately before the expropriation or before the impending expropriation became public knowledge, whichever is the earlier, shall include interest at a normal commercial rate until the date of payment, shall be made without delay, be effectively realizable and be freely transferable. The investor affected shall have a right, under the law of the Contracting Party making the expropriation, to prompt review, by a judicial or other independent authority of that Party, of the lawfulness of the expropriation and of the valuation of his or its investment in accordance with the principles set out in this paragraph.

(2) Where a Contracting Party expropriates the assets of a company which is incorporated or constituted under the law in force in any part of its own territory, and in which investors of the other Contracting Party own shares, it shall ensure that the provisions of paragraph (1) of this Article are applied to the extent necessary to guarantee prompt, adequate and effective compensation in respect of their investment to such investors of the other Contracting Party who are owners of those shares.

Article 7. Repatriation of Investment and Returns

Each Contracting Party shall in respect of investments guarantee to investors of the other Contracting Party the unrestricted transfer of their investments and returns. Transfers shall be effected without delay in the convertible currency in which the capital was originally invested or in any other convertible currency agreed by the investor and the Contracting Party concerned. Unless otherwise agreed by the investor transfers shall be made at the rate of exchange applicable on the date of transfer pursuant to the exchange regulations in force.

Article 8. Reference to International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

(1) If any dispute should arise between a Contracting Party and an investor of the other Contracting Party concerning an investment of the latter in the territory of the former, and settlement cannot be reached within three months between the parties to this dispute through negotiation, consultation, pursuit of local remedies or otherwise then, if the investor affected also consents in writing to submit the dispute to the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (hereinafter referred to as "the Centre") for settlement by conciliation or arbitration under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States opened for signature at Washington on 18 March 1965 (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention") either Party may institute proceedings by addressing a request to that effect to the Secretary-General of the Centre as provided in Articles 28 and 36 of the Convention. In the event of disagreement as to whether conciliation or arbitration is the more appropriate procedure the investor affected shall have the right to choose. The Contracting Party which is a party to the dispute shall not raise as an objection at any stage of the proceedings or enforcement of an award the fact that the investor which is the other party to the dispute has received in pursuance of an insurance contract an indemnity in respect of some or all of his or its losses.

(2) Each Contracting Party hereby consents to submit to the Centre for settlement by conciliation or arbitration under the Convention any legal dispute arising between that Contracting Party and an investor of the other Contracting Party concerning an investment of the latter in the territory of the former.

(3) A company which is incorporated or constituted under the law in force in the territory of one Contracting Party and in which before such a dispute arises the majority of shares are owned by investors of the other Contracting Party shall in accordance with Article 25(2)(b) of the Convention be treated for the purposes of the Convention as a company of the other Contracting Party.

(4) Neither Contracting Party shall pursue through the diplomatic channel any dispute referred to the Centre unless:

(a) The Secretary-General of the Centre, or a conciliation commission or an arbitral tribunal constituted by it, decides that the dispute is not within the jurisdiction of the Centre, or

(b) The other Contracting Party should fail to abide by or to comply with any award rendered by an arbitral tribunal.

Article 9. Disputes between the Contracting Parties

(1) The Contracting Parties shall consult promptly at the request of either of them to resolve any dispute in connection with this Agreement or to discuss any matter relating to the interpretation or application of this Agreement.

(2) If such a dispute is not resolved the Contracting Parties should endeavour to settle it through the diplomatic channel.

(3) If a dispute between the Contracting Parties cannot thus be settled, it shall upon the request of either Contracting Party be submitted to an arbitral tribunal.

(4) Such an arbitral tribunal shall be constituted for each individual case in the following way. Within two months of the receipt of the request for arbitration, each Contracting Party shall appoint one member of the tribunal. Those two members shall then select a national of a third State with which both Contracting Parties have diplomatic relations who on approval by the two Contracting Parties shall be appointed Chairman of the tribunal. The Chairman shall be appointed within two months from the date of appointment of the other two members.

(5) If within the periods specified in paragraph (4) of this Article the necessary appointments have not been made, either Contracting Party may, in the absence of any other agreement, invite the President of the International Court of Justice to make any necessary appointments. If the President is a national of either Contracting party or if he is otherwise prevented from discharging the said function, the Vice-President shall be invited to make the necessary appointments. If the Vice-President is a national of either Contracting Party or if he too is prevented from discharging the said function, the Member of the International Court of Justice next in seniority who is not a national of either Contracting Party shall be invited to make the necessary appointments.

(6) The arbitral tribunal shall reach its decision by a majority of votes. Such decision shall be binding on both Contracting Parties. Each Contracting Party shall bear the cost of its own member of the tribunal and of its representation in the arbitral proceedings; the cost of the Chairman and the remaining costs shall be borne in equal parts by the Contracting Parties. The tribunal may, however, in its decision direct that a higher proportion of costs shall be borne by one of the two Contracting Parties and this award shall be binding on both Contracting Parties. The tribunal shall determine its own procedure.

Article 10. Subrogation

(1) If one Contracting Party or its designated Agency makes a payment under an indemnity given in respect of an investment, the latter Contracting Party shall recognize the assignment to the former Contracting Party or its designated Agency by law or legal transaction of all the rights and claims of the Party indemnified and that the former Contracting Party or its designated Agency is entitled to exercise such rights and enforce such claims by virtue of subrogation, to the same extent as the party indemnified.

(2) The former Contracting Party or its designated Agency shall be entitled in all circumstances to the same treatment in respect of the rights and claims acquired by it by virtue of the assignment and any payments received in pursuance of those rights and claims as the Party indemnified was entitled to receive by virtue of this Agreement in respect of the investment concerned and its related returns.

(3) Any payments received in non-convertible currency by the former Contracting Party or its designated Agency in pursuance of the rights and claims acquired shall be freely available to the former Contracting Party for the purpose of meeting any expenditure incurred in the territory of the latter Contracting Party.

(4) This Article shall, notwithstanding the final sentence of Article 1(a) of this Agreement, apply only to investments made after the entry into force of this Agreement, where the investment has received the prior consent of the Contracting Party in whose territory it is made if such consent is required by the Contracting Party.

Article 11. Application of other Rules

If the provisions of law of either Contracting Party or obligations under international law existing at present or established hereafter between the Contracting Parties in addition to the present Agreement contain rules, whether general or specific, entitling investments by investors of the other Contracting Party to a treatment more favourable than is provided for by the present Agreement, such rules shall to the extent that they are more favourable prevail over the present Agreement.

Article 12. Territorial Extension

At the time of ratification of this Agreement, or at any time thereafter, the provisions of this Agreement may be extended to such territories for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom are responsible as may be agreed between the Contracting Parties in an Exchange of Notes.

Article 13. Entry Into Force

This Agreement shall be ratified and shall enter into force on the exchange of instruments of Ratification1.

Article 14. Duration and Termination

This Agreement shall remain in force for a period of ten years. Thereafter it shall continue in force until the expiration of twelve months from the date on which either Contracting Party shall have given written notice of termination to the other. Provided that in respect of investments made whilst the Agreement is in force, its provisions shall continue in effect with respect to such investments for a period of twenty years after the date of termination and without prejudice to the application thereafter of the rules of general international law.

Conclusion

In witness whereof the undersigned. duly authorised thereto by their respective Governments. have signed this Agreement.

Done in duplicate at Dubai this Eighth day of December 1992 corresponding to the Thirteenth of Jamadi Al Thani 1413H, in the English and Arabic languages, both text being equally authoritative.

For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:

DOUGLAS HOGG

Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

For the Government of the United Arab Emirates:

HAMDAN BIN RASHID AL MAKTOUM

Minister of Finance and Industry