Japan - United Kingdom CEPA (2020)
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2. This Section applies to measures by a Party affecting the entry into that Party by natural persons of the other Party, who are business visitors for establishment purposes, intra-corporate transferees, investors, contractual service suppliers, independent professionals and short-term business visitors, and to measures affecting their business activities during their temporary stay in the former Party.

3. To the extent that commitments are not undertaken in this Section, all requirements provided for in the laws and regulations of a Party regarding the entry and temporary stay shall continue to apply, including regulations concerning the length of stay.

4. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section, all requirements provided for in the laws and regulations of a Party regarding work and social security measures shall continue to apply, including regulations concerning minimum wages and collective wage agreements.

5. Commitments on the entry and temporary stay of natural persons for business purposes do not apply in cases where the intent or effect of the entry and temporary stay is to interfere with or otherwise affect the outcome of any labour or management dispute or negotiation, or the employment of any natural person who is involved in that dispute.

Article 8.21. Definitions

For the purposes of this Section:

(a) "business visitors for establishment purposes" means natural persons of a Party working in a senior position who are responsible for setting up an enterprise, do not offer nor provide services, do not engage in any economic activity other than what is required for establishment purposes and do not receive remuneration within the other Party;

(b) "contractual service suppliers" means:

(i) in respect of the entry and temporary stay in the United Kingdom, natural persons employed by a juridical person of Japan which is itself not an agency for placement and supply services of personnel and is not acting through such an agency, has not established in the territory of the United Kingdom and has concluded a bona fide contract to supply services to a final consumer in the United Kingdom, requiring the presence on a temporary basis of its employees in the United Kingdom in order to fulfil the contract to supply services;(1) and

(1) The contract to supply services referred to in subparagraph (b)(i) shall comply with the requirements of the laws and regulations that apply in the place where the contract is executed.

(ii) in respect of the entry and temporary stay in Japan, natural persons of the United Kingdom who are employees of a juridical person of the United Kingdom that has not established in Japan provided that the following requirements are satisfied:

(A) a service contract between a juridical person of Japan and a juridical person of the United Kingdom that has not established in Japan has been concluded;

(B) a competent immigration authority of Japan determines, in the context of the service contract referred to in subparagraph (A), that a labour contract between the natural person of the United Kingdom and the juridical person of Japan has been concluded; and

(C) the service contract referred to in subparagraph (A) does not fall under the scope of service contract for the placement and supply services of personnel (CPC872), and the labour contract as referred to in subparagraph (B) complies with the relevant laws and regulations of Japan;

(c) "independent professionals" means:

(i) in respect of the entry and temporary stay in the United Kingdom, natural persons who are engaged in the supply of a service and established as self-employed in the territory of Japan, have not established in the territory of the United Kingdom and have concluded a bona fide contract (other than through an agency for placement and supply services of personnel) to supply services to a final consumer in the United Kingdom, requiring their presence on a temporary basis in the United Kingdom in order to fulfil the contract to supply services;(1) and

(ii) in respect of the entry and temporary stay in Japan, natural persons of the United Kingdom who will engage in business activities of supplying services during their temporary stay in Japan on the basis of a personal contract with a juridical person of Japan;

(1) The contract to supply services referred to in subparagraph (c)(i) shall comply with the requirements of the laws and regulations that apply in the place where the contract is executed.

(d) "intra-corporate transferees" means natural persons who have been employed by a juridical person of a Party or have been partners in it, for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the date of their application for the entry and temporary stay in the other Party, and who are temporarily transferred to an enterprise, in the territory of the other Party, which forms part of the same group of the former juridical person including its representative office, subsidiary, branch or head company, provided that the natural person concerned must belong to one of the following categories:

(i) managers: natural persons working in a senior position, who primarily direct the management of the enterprise, receiving general supervision or direction principally from the board of directors or from stockholders of the business or their equivalent, including at least:

(A) directing the enterprise or a department thereof;

(B) supervising and controlling the work of other supervisory, professional or managerial employees; or

(C) having the personal authority to recruit and dismiss or to recommend recruitment, dismissal or other personnel-related actions; or

(ii) specialists:

(A) for the United Kingdom, natural persons who possess specialised knowledge essential to the enterprise's production, research equipment, techniques, processes, procedures or management. In assessing such knowledge, account shall be taken not only of knowledge specific to the enterprise, but also of whether the natural person has a high level of qualification referring to a type of work or trade requiring specific technical knowledge, including membership of an accredited profession; and

(B) for Japan, natural persons who engage in activities which require technology or knowledge at an advanced level pertinent to natural sciences, including physical sciences and engineers, or to human sciences, including jurisprudence, economics, business management and accounting, or activities which require ideas and sensitivity based on culture of a country other than Japan, recognised under the status of residence of "Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services" provided for in the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (Cabinet Order No. 319 of 1951). The activities which require technology or knowledge at an advanced level pertinent to natural or human science referred to in this subparagraph mean the activities in which the natural person may not be able to engage without the application of specialised technology or knowledge of natural or human sciences acquired by him or her, in principle, by completing college education (i.e. bachelor's degree, associate's degree awarded through graduating from a junior college, or their equivalents) or higher education; and

(e) "investors" means:

(i) for the United Kingdom, senior employees of an enterprise headquartered in Japan who are establishing a branch or subsidiary of that enterprise in the United Kingdom and who are natural persons of Japan that will be responsible for the entire or a substantial part of the enterprise's operations in the United Kingdom, receiving general supervision or direction principally from higher level executives, the board of directors or stockholders of the enterprise, including directing the enterprise or a department or subdivision of it; supervising and controlling the work of other supervisory, professional or managerial employees; and having the authority to establish goals and policies of the department or subdivision of the enterprise; and

(ii) for Japan, natural persons of the United Kingdom who will engage in one of the following activities during their temporary stay in Japan:

(A) activities to invest in business in Japan and manage such business;

(B) activities to manage business in Japan on behalf of a person other than that of Japan who has invested in such business; or

(C) conduct of business in Japan in which a person other than that of Japan has invested.

Article 8.22. General Obligations

1, A Party shall grant the entry and temporary stay to natural persons of the other Party for business purposes in accordance with this Section, and Annexes III and IV to Annex 8-B, provided that those natural persons comply with the immigration laws and regulations of the former Party applicable to the entry and temporary stay.

2. Each Party shall apply its measures relating to the provisions of this Section consistently with the desire of the Parties set out in paragraph 1 of Article 8.20, and, in particular, shall apply those measures so as to avoid unduly impairing or delaying trade in goods or services, or establishment or operation under this Agreement. 3. The measures taken by each Party to facilitate and expedite procedures related to the entry and temporary stay of natural persons of the other Party for business purposes shall be consistent with Annex 8-C.

Article 8.23. Transparency

1. A Party shall make publicly available information relating to the entry and temporary stay by natural persons of the other Party, referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 8.20.

2. The information referred to in paragraph 1 shall include, where applicable, the following information:

(a) categories of visa, permits or any similar type of authorisation regarding the entry and temporary stay;

(b) documentation required and conditions to be met;

(c) method of filing an application and options on where to file, such as consular offices or online;

(d) application fees and an indicative timeframe of the processing of an application;

(e) the maximum length of stay under each type of authorisation described in subparagraph (a);

(f) conditions for any available extension or renewal;

(g) rules regarding accompanying dependents;

(h) available review or appeal procedures; and

(i) relevant laws of general application pertaining to the entry and temporary stay of natural persons.

3. With respect to the information referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, each Party shall endeavour to promptly inform the other Party of the introduction of any new requirements and procedures or of the changes in any requirements and procedures that affect the effective application for the grant of entry into, temporary stay in and, where applicable, permission to work in the former Party.

Article 8.24. Obligations In other Sections

1. This Agreement does not impose any obligation on a Party regarding its immigration measures, except as specifically provided for in this Section.

2. Without prejudice to any decision to grant entry to a natural person of the other Party within the terms of this Section, including the permissible length of stay pursuant to any such grant:

(a) the obligations of Articles 8.7 to 8.11 subject to:

(i) Article 8.6; and

(ii) Article 8.12 to the extent that the measure affects the treatment of natural persons for business purposes present in the territory of the other Party,

are hereby incorporated into and made part of this Section and apply to the measures affecting treatment of natural persons for business purposes present in the territory of the other Party under the categories of business visitors for establishment purposes, intra-corporate transferees and investors, as defined in Article 8.21;

(b) the obligations of Articles 8.15 and 8.16 subject to:

(i) Article 8.14; and

(ii) Article 8.18 to the extent that the measure affects the treatment of natural persons for business purposes present in the territory of the other Party,

are hereby incorporated into and made part of this Section and apply to the measures affecting treatment of natural persons for business purposes present in the territory of the other Party under the categories of:

(i) contractual service suppliers and independent professionals, as defined in Article 8.21, for all sectors listed in Annex IV to Annex 8-B; and

(ii) short-term business visitors, referred to in Article 8.27, in accordance with Annex III to Annex 8-B; and

(c) the obligation of Article 8.17 subject to:

(i) Article 8.14; and

(ii) Article 8.18 to the extent that the measure affects the treatment of natural persons for business purposes present in the territory of the other Party,

is hereby incorporated into and made part of this Section and apply to the measures affecting treatment of natural persons for business purposes present in the territory of the other Party under the categories of:

(i) contractual service suppliers and independent professionals, as defined in Article 8.21; and

(ii) short-term business visitors, referred to in Article 8.27.

3. For greater certainty, the obligations referred to in paragraph 2 do not apply to measures relating to the granting of entry into a Party to natural persons of that Party or of a third country.

Article 8.25. Business Visitors for Establishment Purposes, Intra-corporate Transferees and Investors

1. Each Party shall grant entry and temporary stay to business visitors for establishment purposes, intra-corporate transferees and investors of the other Party in accordance with Annex II to Annex 8-B.

2. A Party shall not adopt or maintain limitations on the total number of natural persons granted entry in accordance with paragraph 1, in a specific sector or sub-sector, in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test either on the basis of a territorial subdivision or on the basis of its entire territory.

Article 8.26. Contractual Service Suppliers and Independent Professionals

1. Each Party shall grant entry and temporary stay to contractual service suppliers and independent professionals of the other Party in accordance with Annex IV to Annex 8-B.

2. Unless otherwise specified in Annex IV to Annex 8-B, a Party shall not adopt or maintain limitations on the total number of contractual service suppliers and independent professionals of the other Party granted entry, in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test.

Article 8.27. Short-term Business Visitors

1. Each Party (1) shall grant entry and temporary stay to short-term business visitors of the other Party in accordance with Annex III to Annex 8-B, subject to the following conditions:

(a) the short-term business visitors are not engaged in selling their goods or supplying services to the general public;

(b) the short-term business visitors do not, on their own behalf, receive remuneration from within the Party where they are staying temporarily; and

(c) the short-term business visitors are not engaged in the supply of a service in the framework of a contract concluded between a juridical person who has not established in the territory of the Party where they are staying temporarily, and a consumer there, except as provided for in Annex III to Annex 8-B.

2. Unless otherwise specified in Annex III to Annex 8-B, each Party shall grant entry of short- term business visitors without the requirement of a work permit, economic needs test or other prior approval procedures of similar intent.

(1) The United Kingdom does not take commitments in respect of short-term business visitors.

Article 8.28. Contact Points

Each Party shall, upon the entry into force of this Agreement, designate a contact point for the effective implementation and operation of this Section and notify the other Party of the contact details including information regarding the relevant officials. The Parties shall promptly notify each other of any change of those contact details.

Section E. Regulatory Framework

Subsection 1. Domestic Regulation

Article 8.29. Scope and Definitions

1. This Sub-Section applies to measures by a Party relating to licensing requirements and procedures, qualification requirements and procedures and technical standards (1) that affect:

(a) cross-border trade in services as defined in subparagraph (d) of Article 8.2;

(b) establishment as defined in subparagraph (i) of Article 8.2 or operation as defined in subparagraph (p) of Article 8.2; or

(c) the supply ofa service through the presence of a natural person of a Party in the territory of the other Party, in accordance with Article 8.24.

2. This Sub-Section does not apply to licensing requirements and procedures, qualification requirements and procedures and technical standards:

(a) pursuant to a measure that does not conform with Article 8.7 or 8.8 and is referred to in subparagraphs 1(a) to (c) of Article 8.12 or with Article 8.15 or 8.16 and is referred to in subparagraphs 1(a) to (c) of Article 8.18; or

(b) pursuant to a measure referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 8.12 or paragraph 2 of Article 8.18.

3. For the purposes of this Sub-Section, a "competent authority" is a central, regional or local government or authority, or a non-governmental body in the exercise of powers delegated by central, regional or local governments or authorities, which is entitled to take a decision concerning the authorisation to supply a service, including through establishment, or concerning the authorisation to establish an enterprise in order to engage in an economic activity other than a service.

(1) For greater certainty, as far as measures relating to technical standards are concerned, this Sub-Section applies only to such measures affecting trade in services.

Article 8.30. Conditions for Licensing and Qualification

1. Measures relating to licensing requirements and procedures, and qualification requirements and procedures of each Party shall be based on the following criteria:

(a) clarity;

(b) objectivity;

(c) transparency;

(d) advance public availability; and

(e) accessibility.

2. If a Party adopts or maintains a measure relating to licensing requirements and procedures, and qualification requirements and procedures, it shall ensure that:

(a) the licensing and qualification procedures are impartial and adequate for applicants to demonstrate that they meet the requirements, if such requirements exist;

(b) the licensing and qualification procedures do not in themselves unjustifiably prevent the fulfilment of the requirements; and

(c) such a measure does not discriminate between men and women (1).

(1) For the purposes of this subparagraph, differential treatment that is reasonable and objective, and aims to achieve a legitimate purpose, and adoption by a Party of temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women, shall not be considered as discrimination.

Article 8.31. Licensing and Qualification Procedures

1. Licensing and qualification procedures shall be clear, made public in advance and be such as to ensure that the applications are dealt with objectively and impartially. For greater certainty, where any licence or qualification is subject to renewal, the need to renew and the procedures for renewal shall be made public in advance.

2. Licensing and qualification procedures shall be as simple as possible and shall not in themselves be a restriction on the supply of a service or the pursuit of any other economic activity. Any authorisation fee (1) which the applicants may incur from their application should be reasonable and transparent, will be made publicly available prior to such applications to the extent possible, and shall not in itself restrict the supply of a service or the pursuit of any other economic activity. Having regard to the cost and administrative burden, each Party is encouraged to accept payment of authorisation fees by electronic means.

(1) Authorisation fees do not include fees for the use of natural resources, payments for auction, tendering or other non-discriminatory means of awarding concessions or mandated contributions to universal service provision.

3. A Party shall, to the extent practicable, avoid requiring an applicant to approach more than one competent authority for each application. However, if the application is within the jurisdiction of multiple competent authorities, multiple applications may be required.

4. The procedures used by, and the decisions of, the competent authority in the authorisation process shall be impartial with respect to all applicants. The competent authority should reach its decision in an independent manner and should not be accountable to any person supplying the services or carrying out the economic activities for which the authorisation is required.

5. If a Party requires authorisation, it shall, to the extent practicable, ensure that its competent authorities permit the submission of an application at any time throughout the year. If a specific period of time for applications exists, the competent authority shall allow an applicant a reasonable period of time for the submission of an application. The competent authority shall initiate the processing of an application without undue delay. If possible, the competent authority should accept an application in electronic format under the same conditions of authenticity as an application in paper format.

6. Ifa Party requires an examination for authorisation, that Party shall ensure that its competent authorities schedule such an examination at reasonably frequent intervals and provide a reasonable period of time to enable applicants to request to take the examination. Having regard to the cost, administrative burden and the integrity of the procedures involved, each Party is encouraged to accept requests in electronic format to take such examinations, and to consider, to the extent practicable, the use of electronic means in other aspects of examination processes.

7. In assessing whether the applicant has met the relevant requirements for authorisation, a Party shall, to the extent possible and if appropriate, encourage its competent authorities to give due consideration to the relevant professional experience of an applicant, where the competent authority considers such relevant professional experience to be indicative of the level of competence or experience of the applicant.

8. The competent authority shall complete the processing of an application, including reaching a final decision, within a reasonable period of time from the submission of a complete application, and inform the applicant of the decision concerning the application (1), to the extent possible in writing (2). Each Party shall endeavour to establish an indicative timeframe for the processing of an application and shall make publicly available that timeframe, when established. The competent authority of a Party shall, at the request of the applicant and without undue delay, provide information concerning the status of the application, and, to the extent practicable, ascertain the completeness of an application for processing under the domestic laws and regulations of the Party.

(1) Competent authorities may meet this requirement by informing an applicant in advance in writing that a lack of response from the competent authorities after a specified period of time from the date of submission of the application indicates acceptance of the application or rejection of the application.
(2) For the purposes of this Article, "in writing" may include in electronic format.

9. The competent authority shall, within a reasonable period of time after the receipt of an application which it considers incomplete:

(a) inform the applicant, and, to the extent feasible, identify the additional information required to complete the application, including through providing its rationale where appropriate; and

(b) provide the opportunity to correct deficiencies, including, where appropriate, providing guidance to assist the applicant in completing an application correctly.

10. The competent authority should, where possible, accept authenticated copies in place of original documents.

11. If the competent authority rejects an application by an applicant, it shall inform the applicant, in principle in writing, and without undue delay. It shall also, on request of the applicant, inform the applicant of the reasons for rejection of the application and the timeframe for an appeal against that decision. An applicant should not be prevented from submitting a new or revised application solely on the basis of a previously rejected application.

12. The competent authority shall grant an authorisation as soon as it is established, in the light of an appropriate examination, that the applicant meets the conditions for obtaining it.

13. The competent authority shall ensure that an authorisation, once granted, enters into effect without undue delay in accordance with the terms and conditions specified therein.

Article 8.32. Technical Standards

Each Party shall encourage its competent authorities, when adopting technical standards, to adopt technical standards developed through open and transparent processes, and shall encourage any body, including relevant international organisations (1), designated to develop technical standards to use open and transparent processes.

(1) For the purposes of this Article, "relevant international organisations" means international bodies whose membership is open to the relevant bodies of the Parties.

Subsection 2. Provisions of General Application

Article 8.33. Administration of Measures of General Application

1. Each Party shall ensure that all measures of general application affecting trade in services are administered in a reasonable, objective and impartial manner.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply to:

(a) the aspects of a measure that do not conform with Article 8.7 or 8.8 and are referred to in subparagraphs 1(a) to (c) of Article 8.12 or with Article 8.15 or 8.16 and are referred to in subparagraphs 1(a) to (c) of Article 8.18; or

(b) a measure referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 8.12 or paragraph 2 of Article 8.18.

Article 8.34. Review Procedures for Administrative Decisions

1. Each Party shall maintain judicial, arbitral or administrative tribunals or procedures which provide, upon request of an affected entrepreneur or service supplier of the other Party, for a prompt review of, and where justified, appropriate remedies for, administrative decisions that affect:(a) cross-border trade in services as defined in subparagraph (d) of Article 8.2;

(b) establishment as defined in subparagraph (i) of Article 8.2 or operation as defined in subparagraph (p) of Article 8.2; or

(c) the supply ofa service through the presence of a natural person of a Party in the territory of the other Party, in accordance with Article 8.24.

2. Ifthe procedures referred to in paragraph 1 are not independent of the agency entrusted with the administrative decision concerned, each Party shall ensure that the procedures in fact provide for an objective and impartial review.

Article 8.35. Mutual Recognition

1. Nothing in this Section shall prevent a Party from requiring that natural persons must possess the necessary qualifications or professional experience specified in the territory where the service is supplied, for the sector of activity concerned.

2. Each Party shall encourage the relevant professional bodies in its territory to provide joint recommendations on mutual recognition to the Committee, for the purpose of the fulfilment, in whole or in part, by entrepreneurs and service suppliers of the criteria applied by that Party for the authorisation, licensing, operation and certification of entrepreneurs and service suppliers, and, in particular, in the sector of professional services. 3. On receipt of a joint recommendation referred to in paragraph 2, the Committee shall, within a reasonable period of time, review that recommendation with a view to ensuring its consistency with this Agreement and, on the basis of the information contained therein, assess in particular:

(a) the extent to which the standards and criteria applied by each Party for the authorisation, licensing, operation and certification referred to in paragraph 2 are converging; and

(b) the potential economic value of a mutual recognition agreement for the authorisation, licensing, operation and certification referred to in paragraph 2.

4. Where those requirements are satisfied, the Committee shall establish the necessary steps to negotiate. Thereafter the Parties shall enter into negotiations, through their competent authorities, of a mutual recognition agreement for the authorisation, licensing, operation and certification referred to in paragraph 2.

5. Any mutual recognition agreement that the Parties may conclude shall be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the WTO Agreement and, in particular, Article VI of GATS.

Subsection 3. Postal and Courier Services

Article 8.36. Scope and Definitions

1. This Sub-Section sets out the principles of the regulatory framework for the supply of postal and courier services, and applies to measures by a Party affecting trade in postal and courier services. 2. For the purposes of this Sub-Section:

  • Chapter   1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1
  • Article   1.1 Objectives 1
  • Article   1.2 General Definitions 1
  • Article   1.3 Territorial Application 1
  • Article   1.4 Taxation 1
  • Article   1.5 Security Exceptions 1
  • Article   1.6 Confidential Information 1
  • Article   1.7 Fulfilment of Obligations and Delegated Authority 1
  • Article   1.8 Laws and Regulations and Their Amendments 1
  • Article   1.9 Relation to other Agreements 1
  • Chapter   2 TRADE IN GOODS 1
  • Section   A General Provisions 1
  • Article   2.1 Objective 1
  • Article   2.2 Scope 1
  • Article   2.3 Definitions 1
  • Article   2.4 Customs Duty 1
  • Article   2.5 Agricultural Safeguards 1
  • Section   B National Treatment and Market Access for Goods 1
  • Article   2.6 Classification of Goods 1
  • Article   2.7 National Treatment 1
  • Article   2.8 Reduction and Elimination of Customs Duties on Imports 1
  • Article   2.9 Goods Re-entered after Repair and Alteration 1
  • Article   2.10 Temporary Admission of Goods 2
  • Article   2.11 Customs Valuation 2
  • Article   2.12 Export Duties 2
  • Article   2.13 Standstill 2
  • Article   2.14 Export Competition 2
  • Article   2.15 Import and Export Restrictions 2
  • Article   2.16 Fees and Formalities Connected with Importation and Exportation 2
  • Article   2.17 Import and Export Licensing Procedures 2
  • Article   2.18 Remanufactured Goods 2
  • Article   2.19 Non-tariff Measures 2
  • Article   2.20 Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments 2
  • Article   2.21 General Exceptions 2
  • Section   C Facilitation of Wine Product Export 2
  • Article   2.22 Scope 2
  • Article   2.23 General Principle 2
  • Article   2.24 Authorisation of Oenological Practices - Phase One 2
  • Article   2.25 Authorisation of Oenological Practices — Phase Two 2
  • Article   2.26 Authorisation of Oenological Practices - Phase Three 2
  • Article   2.27 Self-certification 2
  • Article   2.28 Review, Consultations and Temporary Suspension of Self-certification 2
  • Article   2.29 Standstill 2
  • Article   2.30 Amendments 2
  • Section   D Other Provisions 2
  • Article   2.31 Exchange of Information 2
  • Article   2.32 Special Measures Concerning the Management of Preferential Tariff Treatment 2
  • Article   2.33 Committee on Trade In Goods 2
  • Article   2.34 Working Group on Wine 2
  • Chapter   3 RULES OF ORIGIN AND ORIGIN PROCEDURES 2
  • Section   A Rules of Origin 2
  • Article   3.1 Definitions 2
  • Article   3.2 Requirements for Originating Products 2
  • Article   3.3 Wholly Obtained Products 3
  • Article   3.4 Insufficient Working or Processing 3
  • Article   3.5 Accumulation 3
  • Article   3.6 Tolerances 3
  • Article   3.7 Unit of Qualification 3
  • Article   3.8 Accounting Segregation 3
  • Article   3.9 Sets 3
  • Article   3.10 Non-alteration 3
  • Article   3.11 Returning Products 3
  • Article   3.12 Accessories, Spare Parts, Tools and Instructional or other Information Materials 3
  • Article   3.13 Neutral Elements 3
  • Article   3.14 Packing Materials and Containers for Shipment 3
  • Article   3.15 Packaging Materials and Containers for Retail Sale 3
  • Section   B Origin Procedures 3
  • Article   3.16 Claim for Preferential Tariff Treatment 3
  • Article   3.17 Statement on Origin 3
  • Article   3.18 Importer's Knowledge 3
  • Article   3.19 Record Keeping Requirements 3
  • Article   3.20 Small Consignments and Waivers 4
  • Article   3.21 Verification 4
  • Article   3.22 Administrative Cooperation 4
  • Article   3.23 Mutual Assistance In the Fight Against Fraud 4
  • Article   3.24 Denial of Preferential Tariff Treatment 4
  • Article   3.25 Confidentiality 4
  • Article   3.26 Administrative Measures and Sanctions 4
  • Section   C Miscellaneous 4
  • Article   3.27 Committee on Rules of Origin and Customs-Related Matters 4
  • Article   3.28 Transitional Provisions for Products In Transit or Storage 4
  • Chapter   4 CUSTOMS MATTERS AND TRADE FACILITATION 4
  • Article   4.1 Objectives 4
  • Article   4.2 Scope 4
  • Article   4.3 Transparency 4
  • Article   4.4 Procedures for Import, Export and Transit 4
  • Article   4.5 Release of Goods 4
  • Article   4.6 Simplification of Customs Procedures 4
  • Article   4.7 Advance Rulings 4
  • Article   4.8 Appeal and Review 4
  • Article   4.9 Risk Management 4
  • Article   4.10 Post-clearance Audit 4
  • Article   4.11 Transit and Transhipment 4
  • Article   4.12 Customs Cooperation 4
  • Article   4.13 Temporary Admission 5
  • Article   4.14 Committee on Rules of Origin and Customs-Related Matters 5
  • Chapter   5 TRADE REMEDIES 5
  • Section   A General Provisions 5
  • Article   5.1 Definitions 5
  • Section   B Bilateral Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   5.2 Application of Bilateral Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   5.3 Conditions and Limitations 5
  • Article   5.4 Investigation 5
  • Article   5.5 Notification 5
  • Article   5.6 Consultations and Compensations 5
  • Article   5.7 Provisional Bilateral Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   5.8 Miscellaneous 5
  • Section   C Global Safeguard Measures 5
  • Article   5.9 General Provisions 5
  • Article   5.10 Application of Safeguard Measures 5
  • Section   D Anti-dumping and Countervailing Measures 5
  • Article   5.11 General Provisions 5
  • Article   5.12 Transparency and Disclosure of Essential Facts 5
  • Article   5.13 Consideration of Public Interest 5
  • Article   5.14 Anti-dumping Investigation 5
  • Article   5.15 Imposition of Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties ("Lesser Duty Rule") 5
  • Chapter   6 SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES 5
  • Article   6.1 Objectives 5
  • Article   6.2 Scope of Application 5
  • Article   6.3 Definitions 5
  • Article   6.4 Relation to the WTO Agreement 5
  • Article   6.5 Competent Authorities and Contact Points 5
  • Article   6.6 Risk Assessment 5
  • Article   6.7 Import Conditions, Import Procedures and Trade Facilitation 5
  • Article   6.8 Audit 5
  • Article   6.9 Procedure for Listing of Establishments or Facilities 6
  • Article   6.10 Adaptation to Regional Conditions 6
  • Article   6.11 Transparency and Exchange of Information 6
  • Article   6.12 Technical Consultations 6
  • Article   6.13 Emergency Measures 6
  • Article   6.14 Equivalence 6
  • Article   6.15 Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 6
  • Article   6.16 Dispute Settlement 6
  • Chapter   7 TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 6
  • Article   7.1 Objectives 6
  • Article   7.2 Scope 6
  • Article   7.3 Incorporation of Certain Provisions of the TBT Agreement 6
  • Article   7.4 Definitions 6
  • Article   7.5 Technical Regulations 6
  • Article   7.6 International Standards 6
  • Article   7.7 Standards 6
  • Article   7.8 Conformity Assessment Procedures 6
  • Article   7.9 Transparency 6
  • Article   7.10 Market Surveillance 7
  • Article   7.11 Marking and Labelling 7
  • Article   7.12 Lot Identification Codes 7
  • Article   7.13 Cooperation 7
  • Article   7.14 Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade 7
  • Article   7.15 Contact Points 7
  • Chapter   8 TRADE IN SERVICES, INVESTMENT LIBERALISATION AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 7
  • Section   A General Provisions 7
  • Article   8.1 Scope 7
  • Article   8.2 Definitions 7
  • Article   8.3 General Exceptions 7
  • Article   8.4 Committee on Trade In Services, Investment Liberalisation and Electronic Commerce 7
  • Article   8.5 Review 7
  • Section   B Investment Liberalisation 7
  • Article   8.6 Scope 7
  • Article   8.7 Market Access 8
  • Article   8.8 National Treatment 8
  • Article   8.9 Most-favoured-nation Treatment 8
  • Article   8.10 Senior Management and Boards of Directors 8
  • Article   8.11 Prohibition of Performance Requirements 8
  • Article   8.12 Non-conforming Measures and Exceptions 8
  • Article   8.13 Denial of Benefits 8
  • Section   C Cross-border Trade In Services 8
  • Article   8.14 Scope 8
  • Article   8.15 Market Access 8
  • Article   8.16 National Treatment 8
  • Article   8.17 Most-favoured-nation Treatment 8
  • Article   8.18 Non-conforming Measures 8
  • Article   8.19 Denial of Benefits 8
  • Section   D Entry and Temporary Stay of Natural Persons 8
  • Article   8.20 General Provisions and Scope 8
  • Article   8.21 Definitions 9
  • Article   8.22 General Obligations 9
  • Article   8.23 Transparency 9
  • Article   8.24 Obligations In other Sections 9
  • Article   8.25 Business Visitors for Establishment Purposes, Intra-corporate Transferees and Investors 9
  • Article   8.26 Contractual Service Suppliers and Independent Professionals 9
  • Article   8.27 Short-term Business Visitors 9
  • Article   8.28 Contact Points 9
  • Section   E Regulatory Framework 9
  • Subsection   1 Domestic Regulation 9
  • Article   8.29 Scope and Definitions 9
  • Article   8.30 Conditions for Licensing and Qualification 9
  • Article   8.31 Licensing and Qualification Procedures 9
  • Article   8.32 Technical Standards 9
  • Subsection   2 Provisions of General Application 9
  • Article   8.33 Administration of Measures of General Application 9
  • Article   8.34 Review Procedures for Administrative Decisions 9
  • Article   8.35 Mutual Recognition 9
  • Subsection   3 Postal and Courier Services 9
  • Article   8.36 Scope and Definitions 9
  • Article   8.37 Universal Service 10
  • Article   8.38 Border Procedures 10
  • Article   8.39 Licences 10
  • Article   8.40 Independence of the Regulatory Body 10
  • Subsection   4 Telecommunications Services 10
  • Article   8.41 Scope 10
  • Article   8.42 Definitions 10
  • Article   8.43 Approaches to Regulation 10
  • Article   8.44 Access and Use 10
  • Article   8.45 Number Portability 10
  • Article   8.46 Resale 10
  • Article   8.47 Enabling Use of Network Facilities and Interconnection 10
  • Article   8.48 Obligations Relating to Major Suppliers 10
  • Article   8.49 Regulatory Authority 10
  • Article   8.50 Universal Service 10
  • Article   8.51 Authorisation to Provide Telecommunications Networks and Services 10
  • Article   8.52 Allocation and Use of Scarce Resources 10
  • Article   8.53 Transparency 10
  • Article   8.54 Resolution of Telecommunications Disputes 10
  • Article   8.55 Relation to International Organisations 11
  • Article   8.56 Confidentiality of Information 11
  • Article   8.57 International Mobile Roaming 11
  • Subsection   5 Financial Services 11
  • Article   8.58 Scope 11
  • Article   8.59 Definitions 11
  • Article   8.60 New Financial Services  (1) 11
  • Article   8.61 Payment and Clearing Systems 11
  • Article   8.62 Self-regulatory Organisations 11
  • Article   8.63 Financial Information 11
  • Article   8.64 Effective and Transparent Regulation 11
  • Article   8.65 Prudential Carve-out 11
  • Article   8.66 Supply of Insurance Services by Postal Insurance Entities 11
  • Article   8.67 Regulatory Cooperation In Financial Services 11
  • Subsection   6 International Maritime Transport Services 11
  • Article   8.68 Scope and Definitions 11
  • Article   8.69 Obligations 11
  • Section   F Electronic Commerce 11
  • Article   8.70 Objective and General Provisions 11
  • Article   8.71 Definitions 11
  • Article   8.72 Customs Duties 12
  • Article   8.73 Source Code 12
  • Article   8.74 Domestic Regulation 12
  • Article   8.75 Principle of No Prior Authorisation 12
  • Article   8.76 Conclusion of Contracts by Electronic Means 12
  • Article   8.77 Electronic Authentication and Electronic Signature 12
  • Article   8.78 Principles on Access to and Use of the Internet for Electronic Commerce 12
  • Article   8.79 Consumer Protection 12
  • Article   8.80 Personal Information Protection 12
  • Article   8.81 Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Messages 12
  • Article   8.82 Open Government Data 12
  • Article   8.83 Cooperation on Electronic Commerce 12
  • Article   8.84 Cross-border Transfer of Information by Electronic Means 12
  • Article   8.85 Location of Computing Facilities 12
  • Article   8.86 Commercial Information and Communication Technology Products That Use Cryptography  (1) 12
  • Chapter   9 CAPITAL MOVEMENTS, PAYMENTS AND TRANSFERS AND TEMPORARY SAFEGUARD MEASURES 12
  • Article   9.1 Current Account 12
  • Article   9.2 Capital Movements 12
  • Article   9.3 Application of Laws and Regulations Relating to Capital Movements, Payments or Transfers 12
  • Article   9.4 Temporary Safeguard Measures 12
  • Chapter   10 GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT 13
  • Article   10.1 Incorporation of the GPA (1) 13
  • Article   10.2 Additional Scope of Application 13
  • Article   10.3 Additional Rules 13
  • Article   10.4 Publication of Notices 13
  • Article   10.5 Conditions for Participation 13
  • Article   10.6 Qualification of Suppliers 13
  • Article   10.7 Selective Tendering 13
  • Article   10.8 Technical Specifications 13
  • Article   10.9 Test Reports 13
  • Article   10.10 Environmental Conditions 13
  • Article   10.11 Treatment of Tenders and Awarding of Contracts 13
  • Article   10.12 Domestic Review Procedures 13
  • Article   10.13 Collection and Reporting of Statistics 13
  • Article   10.14 Modifications and Rectifications to Coverage 13
  • Article   10.15 Cooperation 13
  • Article   10.16 Committee on Government Procurement 13
  • Article   10.17 Contact Points 13
  • Chapter   11 COMPETITION POLICY 13
  • Article   11.1 Principles 13
  • Article   11.2 Anticompetitive Practices 13
  • Article   11.3 Legislative and Regulatory Framework 13
  • Article   11.4 Operational Independence 13
  • Article   11.5 Non-discrimination 13
  • Article   11.6 Procedural Fairness 13
  • Article   11.7 Consumer Protection 13
  • Article   11.8 Transparency 14
  • Article   11.9 Enforcement Cooperation 14
  • Article   11.10 Dispute Settlement 14
  • Chapter   12 SUBSIDIES 14
  • Article   12.1 Principles 14
  • Article   12.2 Definitions 14
  • Article   12.3 Scope 14
  • Article   12.4 Relation to the WTO Agreement 14
  • Article   12.5 Notification 14
  • Article   12.6 Consultations 14
  • Article   12.7 Prohibited Subsidies 14
  • Article   12.8 Use of Subsidies 14
  • Article   12.9 General Exceptions 14
  • Article   12.10 Dispute Settlement 14
  • Chapter   13 STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, ENTERPRISES GRANTED SPECIAL RIGHTS OR PRIVILEGES AND DESIGNATED MONOPOLIES 14
  • Article   13.1 Definitions 14
  • Article   13.2 Scope 14
  • Article   13.3 Relation to the WTO Agreement 14
  • Article   13.4 General Provisions 14
  • Article   13.5 Non-discriminatory Treatment and Commercial Considerations 14
  • Article   13.6 Regulatory Framework 14
  • Article   13.7 Information Exchange 14
  • Article   13.8 General Exceptions 14
  • Chapter   14 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 14
  • Section   A General Provisions 14
  • Article   14.1 Initial Provisions 14
  • Article   14.2 Agreed Principles 14
  • Article   14.3 International Agreements 14
  • Article   14.4 National Treatment 15
  • Article   14.5 Most-favoured-nation Treatment 15
  • Article   14.6 Procedural Matters and Transparency 15
  • Article   14.7 Promotion of Public Awareness Concerning Protection of Intellectual Property 15
  • Section   B Standards Concerning Intellectual Property 15
  • Subsection   1 Copyright and Related Rights 15
  • Article   14.8 Authors 15
  • Article   14.9 Performers 15
  • Article   14.10 Producers of Phonograms 15
  • Article   14.11 Broadcasting Organisations 15
  • Article   14.12 Use of Phonograms 15
  • Article   14.13 Term of Protection  (1) 15
  • Article   14.14 Limitations and Exceptions 15
  • Article   14.15 Artist's Resale Right In Works of Art 15
  • Article   14.16 Collective Management 15
  • Article   14.17 Protection of Existing Subject Matter 15
  • Article   14.18 Technological Protection Measures 15
  • Article   14.19 Rights Management Information 15
  • Subsection   2 Trademarks 15
  • Article   14.20 Rights Conferred by a Trademark 15
  • Article   14.21 Exceptions 15
  • Article   14.22 Preparatory Acts Deemed as Infringement 15
  • Article   14.23 Well-known Trademarks 15
  • Article   14.24 Bad Faith Trademarks 15
  • Article   14.25 Registration and Renewal Processes 15
  • Subsection   3 Geographical Indications 15
  • Article   14.26 Scope 15
  • Article   14.27 System of Protection of Geographical Indications 15
  • Article   14.28 Lists of Geographical Indications 15
  • Article   14.29 Scope of Protection of Geographical Indications 15
  • Article   14.30 Scope of the Use of Geographical Indications 16
  • Article   14.31 Relationship with Trademarks 16
  • Article   14.32 Enforcement of Protection 16
  • Article   14.33 Exceptions 16
  • Article   14.34 Amendment of the Lists of Geographical Indications 16
  • Subsection   4 Industrial Designs  (1) 16
  • Article   14.35 Industrial Designs 16
  • Article   14.36 Multiple Design Applications  (1) 16
  • Subsection   5 Unregistered Appearance of Products 16
  • Article   14.37 Unregistered Appearance of Products 16
  • Subsection   6 Patents 16
  • Article   14.38 Patents 16
  • Article   14.39 Patents and Public Health 16
  • Article   14.40 Extension of the Period of Protection Conferred by a Patent on Pharmaceutical Products and Agricultural Chemical Products  (1) (2) 16
  • Subsection   7 Trade Secrets and Undisclosed Test or other Data 16
  • Article   14.41 Scope of Protection of Trade Secrets 16
  • Article   14.42 Treatment of Test Data In Marketing Approval Procedure 16
  • Subsection   8 New Varieties of Plants 16
  • Article   14.43 New Varieties of Plants 16
  • Subsection   9 Unfair Competition 16
  • Article   14.44 Unfair Competition 16
  • Section   C Enforcement 16
  • Subsection   1 General Provisions 16
  • Article   14.45 Enforcement - General 16
  • Article   14.46 Entitled Applicants 16
  • Subsection   2 Enforcement - Civil Remedies  (1) (2) 16
  • Article   14.47 Measures for Preserving Evidence 16
  • Article   14.48 Right of Information 16
  • Article   14.49 Provisional and Precautionary Measures 16
  • Article   14.50 Corrective Measures 16
  • Article   14.51 Injunctions 16
  • Article   14.52 Damages 17
  • Article   14.53 Costs 17
  • Article   14.54 Presumption of Authorship or Ownership 17
  • Article   14.55 Access to Justice 17
  • Subsection   3 Enforcement of Protection Against Misappropriation of Trade Secrets 17
  • Article   14.56 Civil Procedures and Remedies 17
  • Subsection   4 Enforcement - Border Measures 17
  • Article   14.57 Enforcement - Border Measures 17
  • Subsection   5 Enforcement - Criminal Remedies 17
  • Article   14.58 Criminal Procedures and Penalties 17
  • Subsection   6 Enforcement In the Digital Environment 17
  • Article   14.59 Enforcement In the Digital Environment 17
  • Section   D Cooperation and Institutional Arrangements 17
  • Article   14.60 Cooperation 17
  • Article   14.61 Committee on Intellectual Property 17
  • Article   14.62 Security Exceptions 17
  • Article   14.63 Dispute Settlement 17
  • Chapter   15 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 17
  • Article   15.1 Objectives 17
  • Article   15.2 Definitions 17
  • Article   15.3 General Principles 17
  • Article   15.4 Rights of Shareholders and Ownership Functions 17
  • Article   15.5 Roles of the Board 17
  • Article   15.6 Takeovers 17
  • Article   15.7 Dispute Settlement 17
  • Chapter   16 TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 17
  • Article   16.1 Context and Objectives 17
  • Article   16.2 Right to Regulate and Levels of Protection 18
  • Article   16.3 International Labour Standards and Conventions 18
  • Article   16.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements 18
  • Article   16.5 Trade and Investment Favouring Sustainable Development 18
  • Article   16.6 Biological Diversity 18
  • Article   16.7 Sustainable Management of Forests and Trade In Timber and Timber Products 18
  • Article   16.8 Trade and Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources and Sustainable Aquaculture 18
  • Article   16.9 Scientific Information 18
  • Article   16.10 Transparency 18
  • Article   16.11 Review of Sustainability Impacts 18
  • Article   16.12 Cooperation 18
  • Article   16.13 Committee on Trade and Sustainable Development 18
  • Article   16.14 Contact Points 18
  • Article   16.15 Domestic Advisory Group 18
  • Article   16.16 Joint Dialogue with Civil Society 18
  • Article   16.17 Government Consultations 18
  • Article   16.18 Panel of Experts 18
  • Chapter   17 TRANSPARENCY 18
  • Article   17.1 Definitions 18
  • Article   17.2 Transparent Regulatory Environment 18
  • Article   17.3 Publication 18
  • Article   17.4 Enquiries 18
  • Article   17.5 Administration of Measures of General Application 18
  • Article   17.6 Review and Appeal 18
  • Article   17.7 Cooperation on the Promotion of Increased Transparency 18
  • Article   17.8 Relation to other Chapters 18
  • Article   17.9 Anti-Corruption 18
  • Chapter   18 GOOD REGULATORY PRACTICES AND REGULATORY COOPERATION 18
  • Section   A Good Regulatory Practices and Regulatory Cooperation 18
  • Subsection   1 General Provisions 18
  • Article   18.1 Objectives and General Principles 18
  • Article   18.2 Definitions 19
  • Article   18.3 Scope 19
  • Subsection   2 Good Regulatory Practices 19
  • Article   18.4 Internal Coordination 19
  • Article   18.5 Regulatory Processes and Mechanisms 19
  • Article   18.6 Early Information on Planned Regulatory Measures 19
  • Article   18.7 Public Consultations 19
  • Article   18.8 Impact Assessment 19
  • Article   18.9 Retrospective Evaluation 19
  • Article   18.10 Opportunity to Submit Comments 19
  • Article   18.11 Exchange of Information on Good Regulatory Practices 19
  • Subsection   3 Regulatory Cooperation 19
  • Article   18.12 Regulatory Cooperation Activities 19
  • Article   18.13 Good Practices to Promote Regulatory Compatibility 19
  • Subsection   4 Institutional Provisions 19
  • Article   18.14 Committee on Regulatory Cooperation 19
  • Article   18.15 Contact Points 19
  • Article   18.16 Exchange of Information on Planned or Existing Regulatory Measures 19
  • Section   B Animal Welfare 19
  • Article   18.17 Animal Welfare 19
  • Section   C Final Provisions 19
  • Article   18.18 Application of Section a 19
  • Article   18.19 Dispute Settlement 19
  • Chapter   19 COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE 19
  • Article   19.1 Objectives 19
  • Article   19.2 Scope 19
  • Article   19.3 Cooperation for the Improvement of the Business Environment 19
  • Article   19.4 Request for Information 19
  • Article   19.5 Working Group on Cooperation In the Field of Agriculture 19
  • Article   19.6 Contact Points and Communications 20
  • Article   19.7 Relation to other Chapters 20
  • Article   19.8 Dispute Settlement 20
  • Chapter   20 SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES 20
  • Article   20.1 Objective 20
  • Article   20.2 Cooperation 20
  • Article   20.3 Information Sharing 20
  • Article   20.4 SME Contact Points 20
  • Article   20.5 Dispute Settlement 20
  • Chapter   21 TRADE AND WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 20
  • Article   21.1 Women and the Economy 20
  • Article   21.2 Cooperation Activities 20
  • Article   21.3 Working Group on Trade and Women's Economic Empowerment 20
  • Article   21.4 Dispute Settlement 20
  • Chapter   22 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 20
  • Section   A Objective, Scope and Definitions 20
  • Article   22.1 Objective 20
  • Article   22.2 Scope 20
  • Article   22.3 Definitions 20
  • Section   B Consultations and Mediation 20
  • Article   22.4 Request for Information 20
  • Article   22.5 Consultations 20
  • Article   22.6 Mediation 20
  • Section   C Panel Procedure 20
  • Article   22.7 Establishment of a Panel 20
  • Article   22.8 Composition of a Panel 20
  • Article   22.9 List of Arbitrators 21
  • Article   22.10 Qualifications of Arbitrators 21
  • Article   22.11 Replacement of Arbitrators 21
  • Article   22.12 Functions of Panels 21
  • Article   22.13 Terms of Reference 21
  • Article   22.14 Decision on Urgency 21
  • Article   22.15 Panel Proceedings 21
  • Article   22.16 Rules of Interpretation 21
  • Article   22.17 Receipt of Information 21
  • Article   22.18 Interim Report 21
  • Article   22.19 Final Report 21
  • Article   22.20 Compliance with the Final Report 21
  • Article   22.21 Compliance Review 21
  • Article   22.22 Temporary Remedies In Case of Non-compliance 21
  • Article   22.23 Compliance Review after the Adoption of Temporary Remedies 21
  • Article   22.24 Suspension and Termination of Proceedings 21
  • Section   D General Provisions 21
  • Article   22.25 Administration of the Dispute Settlement Procedure 21
  • Article   22.26 Mutually Agreed Solution 21
  • Article   22.27 Choice of Forum 21
  • Article   22.28 Time Period 21
  • Article   22.29 Expenses 21
  • Article   22.30 Rules of Procedure and Code of Conduct 21
  • Chapter   23 INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 21
  • Article   23.1 Joint Committee 21
  • Article   23.2 Decisions and Recommendations of the Joint Committee  21
  • Article   23.3 Specialised Committees 21
  • Article   23.4 Working Groups 22
  • Article   23.5 Work of Specialised Committees, Working Groups and other Bodies 22
  • Article   23.6 Contact Points 22
  • Chapter   24 FINAL PROVISIONS 22
  • Article   24.1 General Review 22
  • Article   24.2 Amendments 22
  • Article   24.3 Entry Into Force 22
  • Article   24.4 Termination 22
  • Article   24.5 No Direct Effect on Persons 22
  • Article   24.6 Annexes, Appendices, Protocol and Footnotes 22
  • Article   24.7 Authentic Texts 22