Title

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF INVESTMENTS

Preamble

Signed at Nouakchott December 15, 2004

The Government of the Republic of Korea and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (hereinafter referred to as "the Contracting Parties"),

Desiring to create favourable conditions for greater investments by investors of one Contracting Party in the territory of the other Contracting Party, based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit,

Recognizing that the promotion and protection of investments on the basis of this Agreement will be conducive to the stimulation of individual business initiative and will increase prosperity in both States,

Have agreed as follows:

Body

Article 1. Definitions

For the purposes of this Agreement:

1. "investments" means every kind of asset invested by investors of one Contracting Party in the territory of the other Contracting Party and, in particular, though not exclusively, includes:

(a) Movable and immovable property and any other property rights such as mortgages, liens, leases or pledges;

(b) Shares in, stocks and debentures of, and any other form of participation in a company or any business enterprise and rights or interest derived therefrom;

(c) Claims to money or to any performance under contract having as economic value;

(d) Intellectual property rights including rights with respect to copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade names, industrial designs, technical processes, trade secrets and know-how, and goodwill; and

(e) Business concessions having an economic value conferred by law or under contract, including concessions to search for, cultivate, extract or exploit natural resources.

Any change of the form in which assets are invested or reinvested shall not affect their character as an investment.

2. "returns" means the amounts yielded by investments and, in particular, though not exclusively, includes profit, interest, capital gains, dividends, royalties and all kinds of fees.

3. "investors" means any natural or juridical persons of one Contracting party who invest in the territory of the other Contracting Party:

(a) The term "natural persons" means natural persons having the nationality of the former Contracting Party in accordance with its laws; and

(b) The term "juridical persons" means any entity such as companies, public institutions, authorities, foundations, partnerships, firms, establishments, organizations, corporations or associations incorporated or constituted in accordance with the laws and regulations of the former Contracting Party.

4. "territory" means the territory of the Republic of Korea or the territory of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania respectively, as well as those maritime areas, including the seabed and subsoil adjacent to the outer limit of the territorial sea over which the State concerned exercises, in accordance with international law, sovereign rights or jurisdiction for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of such areas.

5. "freely convertible currency" means the currency that is widely used to make payments for international transactions and widely exchanged in principal international exchange markets.

Article 2. Promotion and Protection of Investments

1. Each Contracting party shall encourage and create favourable conditions for investors of the other Contracting Party to make investments in its territory and shall admit such investments in accordance with its laws and regulations.

2. Investments made by investors of each Contracting party shall at all times be accorded fair and equitable treatment and shall enjoy full protection and security in the territory of the other Contracting Party.

3. Neither Contracting Party shall in any way impair by arbitrary or discriminatory measures the operation, management, maintenance, use, enjoyments or disposal of investments in its territory by investors of the other Contracting Party.

Article 3. Treatment of Investments

1. Each Contracting Party shall in its territory accord to investments and of investors of the other Contracting Party treatment no less favourable than that which it accords to investments of its own investors or to investments of investors of any third State, whichever is more favourable to investors.

2. Each Contracting Party shall in its territory accord to investors of the other Contracting Party as regards management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal of their investments, treatment no less favourable than that which it accords to its own investors or to investors of any third State, whichever is more favourable to investors.

3. The provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article shall not be construed so as to oblige one Contracting Party to extend to the investors of the other Contracting Party the benefit of any treatment, preference or privilege which may be extended by virtue of:

(a) Any existing or future customs union or free trade area, a common external tariff area, a monetary union or similar international agreement or other forms of regional cooperation to which either Contracting Party is or may become a party; or

(b) Any existing or future convention or other international arrangement relating wholly or mainly to taxation.

Article 4. Compensation for Losses

1. Investors of one Contracting Party whose investments suffer losses owing to war or other armed conflict, a state of national emergency, revolt, insurrection, riot or other similar situations in the territory of the other Contracting Party, shall be accorded by the latter Contracting Party treatment, as regards restitution, indemnification, compensation or other forms of settlement, no less favourable than that which the latter Contracting Party accords to its own investors or to investors of any third State. Resulting payments shall be freely transferable without undue delay.

2. Without prejudice to paragraph (1) of this Article, investors of one Contracting Party who, in any of the situations referred to in that paragraph, suffer losses in the territory of the other Contracting party resulting from:

(a) Requisitioning of their property by its forces or authorities; or

(b) Destruction of their property by its forces or authorities which was not caused in combat action or was not required by the necessity of the situation,

shall be accorded restitution or adequate compensation no less favourable than that which would be accorded under the same circumstances to an investor of the other Contracting Party or to an investor of any third State. Resulting payments shall be freely transferable without undue delay.

Article 5. Expropriation

1. Investments of investors of one Contracting Party shall not be nationalized, expropriated or otherwise subjected to any other measures having effect equivalent to nationalization or expropriation (hereinafter referred to as "expropriation") in the territory of the other Contracting Party except for public purpose and against prompt, adequate and effective compensation. The expropriation shall be carried out on a non-discriminatory basis in accordance with legal procedures.

2. Such compensation shall amount to the fair market value of the expropriated investments immediately before expropriation was taken or before impending expropriation became public knowledge, whichever is the earlier, shall include interest at the applicable commercial rate from the date of expropriation until the date of payment, and shall be made without undue delay, be effectively realizable, and be freely transferable. In both expropriation and compensation, treatment no less favourable than that which the Contracting Party accords to its own investors or to investors of any third State shall be accorded.

3. Investors of one Contracting Party affected by expropriation shall have a right to prompt review by a judicial or other independent authority of the other Contracting Party, of their case and of the valuation of their investment in accordance with the principles set out in this Article.

4. Where a Contracting Party expropriates the assets of a company which is incorporated or constituted under its laws and regulations, and in which investors of the other Contracting Party own shares, debentures or other forms of participation, the provision of this Article shall be applied.

Article 6. Transfers

1. Each Contracting Party shall guarantee to investors of the other Contracting Party the free transfer of their investments and returns. Such transfers shall include, in particular, though not exclusively:

(a) Net profit, capital gains, dividends, interest, royalties, fees and any other current income accruing from investments;

(b) Proceeds accruing from the sale or the total or partial liquidation of investments;

(c) Funds in repayment of loans related to investments;

(d) Earnings of nationals of the other Contracting Party who are allowed to work in connection with investments in its territory;

(e) Additional funds necessary for the maintenance or development of the existing investments; and

(f) Compensation pursuant to Article 4 and 5.

2. All transfers under this Agreement shall be made in a freely convertible currency, without undue restriction and delay, at the market exchange rate which is effective for the current transactions or determined in accordance with the official rate of exchange in force on the date of transfers.

Article 7. Subrogation

1. If a Contracting Party or its designated agency makes a payment to its own investors under an indemnity given in respect of investments, the latter Contracting Party shall recognize:

(a) The assignment, whether under the law or pursuant to a legal transaction in that State, of any rights or claims from investors to the former Contracting Party or its designated agency, and

(b) That the former Contracting Party or its designated agency is entitled by virtue of subrogation to exercise the rights and enforce the claims of those investors.

2. The subrogated rights or claims shall not exceed the original rights or claims of the investor.

Article 8. Settlement of Investment Disputes between a Contracting Party and an Investor of the other Contracting Party

1. With a view to an amicable solution of disputes, which arise within the terms of this Agreement, between a Contracting Party and an investor of the other Contracting party, consultations will take place between the parties concerned.

2. If these consultations do not result in a solution within six (6) months from the date of request for settlement, the investor may, at the discretion of the investor, submit the dispute either:

(a) To the competent tribunal of the Contracting Party in whose territory the investment was made; or

(b) To international arbitration of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) created by the Convention for the Settlement of Disputes in respect of Investments occurring between States and Nationals of other States, signed in Washington on March 18, 1965.

3. The local remedies under the laws and regulations of one Contracting Party in the territory of which the investment has been made shall be available for investors of the other Contracting Party, on the basis of treatment no less favorable than that accorded to investments of its own investors or investors of any third State, whichever is more favourable to investors.

4. Once the investor has submitted the dispute to the competent tribunal of the Contracting Party in whose territory the investment was made or to international arbitration, that selection shall be final.

5. The award made by ICSID shall be final and binding on the parties to the dispute. Each Contracting Party shall ensure the recognition and enforcement of the award in accordance with its relevant laws and regulations.

Article 9. Settlement of Disputes between the Contracting Parties

1. Disputes between the Contracting Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Agreement shall, if possible, be settled by consultation through diplomatic channels.

2. If any dispute cannot be settled within six (6) months, it shall, at the request of either Contracting Party, be submitted to an ad hoc Arbitral Tribunal in accordance with the provisions of this Article.

3. Such an Arbitral Tribunal shall be constituted for each individual case in the following way: Within three (3) months from the date of receipt of the request for arbitration, each Contracting Party shall appoint one member of the Tribunal. These two members shall then select a national of a third State, who on approval of the two Contracting Parties shall be appointed Chairman of the Tribunal. The Chairman shall be appointed within three (3) months from the date of appointment of the other two members.

4. If within the periods specified in paragraph (3) of this Article the necessary appointments have not been made, a request may be made by either contracting Party to the President of the International Court of Justice to make such appointments. If the President is a national of either Contracting Party or otherwise prevented from discharging the said function, the Vice-President shall be invited to make the appointments. If the Vice-President is also a national of either Contracting Party or prevented from discharging the said function, the member of the International Court of Justice next in seniority who is not a national of either Contracting Party shall be invited to make the appointments.

5. The Arbitral Tribunal shall reach its decisions taking into account the provisions of this Agreement and the generally recognized principles of International law.

6. The Arbitral Tribunal shall reach its decision by a majority of votes. Such decision shall be binding on both Contracting Parties.

7. Each Contracting Party shall bear the costs of its own arbitrator and its representation in the arbitral proceedings. The costs of the Chairman and the remaining costs shall be borne in equal parts by both Contracting Parties. The Arbitral Tribunal shall determine its own procedure.

Article 10. Application of other Rules

1. Where a matter is governed simultaneously both by this Agreement and by another international agreement to which both Contracting Parties are parties, nothing in this Agreement shall prevent either Contracting Party or any of its investors from taking advantage of whichever rules are the more favourable to his case.

2. If the treatment to be accorded by one Contracting Party to investors of the other Contracting Party in accordance with its laws and regulations or other specific provisions or contracts is more favourable than that accorded by this Agreement, the more favourable treatment shall be accorded.

3. Either Contracting Party shall observe any other obligation that it may have entered into force with regard to investments in its territory by investors of the other Contracting Party.

Article 11. Application of the Agreement

The Agreement shall apply to all investments, whether made before or after its entry into force, but shall not apply to any dispute concerning investments which was settled before its entry into force.

Article 12. Entry Into Force, Duration and Termination

1. Each Contracting Party shall notify the other Contracting Party in writing of the completion of its legal requirements for the entry into force of the Agreement. This Agreement shall enter into force thirty (30) days after the date of the latter of the two notifications.

2. This Agreement shall remain in force for a period of ten (10) years and shall remain in force thereafter indefinitely unless either Contracting Party notifies the other Contraction Party in writing one year in advance of its intention to terminate this Agreement.

3. In respect of investments made prior to the termination of this Agreement, the provisions of Article 1 to 11 of this Agreement shall remain in force for a further period of ten (10) years from the date of the termination.

4. This Agreement may be revised by mutual consent of both Contracting Parties.

Conclusion

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Agreement.

DONE in duplicate at Nouakchott on the 15th day of December 2004, in the Korean, Arabic, French and English languages, all texts being equally authentic. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the English text shall prevail.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

FOR THE GOVERNEMNT OF THE ISLAM REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA