Local Presence (Article 11.5)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: Export Trading Company Act of 1982, 15 U.S.C. §§ 4011-4021 15 C.F.R. Part 325
Description: Cross-Border Services Title III of the Export Trading Company Act of 1982 authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to issue “certificates of review” with respect to export conduct. The Act provides for the issuance of a certificate of review where the Secretary determines, and the Attorney General concurs, that the export conduct specified in an application will not have the anticompetitive effects proscribed by the Act. A certificate of review limits the liability under federal and state antitrust laws in engaging in the export conduct certified. Only a “person” as defined by the Act can apply for a certificate of review. “Person” means “an individual who is a resident of the United States; a partnership that is created under and exists pursuant to the laws of any State or of the United States; a State or local government entity; a corporation, whether organized as a profit or nonprofit corporation, that is created under and exists pursuant to the laws of any State or of the United States; or any association or combination, by contract or other arrangement, between such persons.” A foreign national or enterprise may receive the protection provided by a certificate of review by becoming a “member” of a qualified applicant. The regulations define “member” to mean “an entity (U.S. or foreign) that is seeking protection under the certificate with the applicant. A member may be a partner in a partnership or a joint venture; a shareholder of a corporation; or a participant in an association, cooperative, or other form of profit or nonprofit organization or relationship, by contract or other arrangement.”
Sector: Business Services
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 11.2) Local Presence (Article 11.5)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, 50 U.S.C. app. 2401-2420 International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. §§ 1701-1706 Export Administration Regulations, 15 C.F.R. Parts 730 through 774
Description: Cross-Border Services With some limited exceptions, exports and reexports of commodities, software, and technology subject to the Export Administration Regulations require a license from the Bureau of Industry and Security, U.S. Department of Commerce (BIS). Certain activities of U.S. persons, wherever located, also require a license from BIS. An application for a license must be made by a person in the United States. In addition, release of controlled technology to a foreign national in the United States is deemed to be an export to the home country of the foreign national and requires the same written authorization from BIS as an export from the territory of the United States.
Sector: Mining
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.3)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: Mineral Lands Leasing Act of 1920, 30 U.S.C. Chapter 3A 10 U.S.C. § 7435
Description: Investment Under the Mineral Lands Leasing Act of 1920, aliens and foreign corporations may not acquire rights-of-way for oil or gas pipelines, or pipelines carrying products refined from oil and gas, across onshore federal lands or acquire leases or interests in certain minerals on on-shore federal lands, such as coal or oil. Non-U.S. citizens may own a 100 percent interest in a domestic corporation that acquires a right-of-way for oil or gas pipelines across on-shore federal lands, or that acquires a lease to develop mineral resources on on-shore federal lands, unless the foreign investor’s home country denies similar or like privileges for the mineral or access in question to U.S. citizens or corporations, as compared with the privileges it accords to its own citizens or corporations or to the citizens or corporations of other countries (30 U.S.C. §§ 181, 185(a)). Nationalization is not considered to be denial of similar or like privileges. Foreign citizens, or corporations controlled by them, are restricted from obtaining access to federal leases on Naval Petroleum Reserves if the laws, customs, or regulations of their country deny the privilege of leasing public lands to citizens or corporations of the United States (10 U.S.C. § 7435).
Sector: All Sectors
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.3)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: 22 U.S.C. §§ 2194 and 2198(c)
Description: Investment The Overseas Private Investment Corporation insurance and loan guarantees are not available to certain aliens, foreign enterprises, or foreign-controlled domestic enterprises.
Sector: Air Transportation
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.3) Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 10.6)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: 49 U.S.C. Subtitle VII, Aviation Programs 14 C.F. R. Part 297 (foreign air freight forwarders); 14 C.F.R. Part 380, Subpart E (registration of foreign (passenger) charter operators)
Description: Investment Only air carriers that are “citizens of the United States” may operate aircraft in domestic air service (cabotage) and may provide international scheduled and non-scheduled air service as U.S. air carriers. U.S. citizens also have blanket authority to engage in indirect air transportation activities (air freight forwarding and passenger charter activities other than as actual operators of the aircraft). In order to conduct such activities, non-U.S. citizens must obtain authority from the Department of Transportation. Applications for such authority may be rejected for reasons relating to the failure of effective reciprocity, or if the Department of Transportation finds that it is in the public interest to do so. Under 49 U.S.C. § 40102(15), a “citizen of the United States” means:
(a) an individual who is a U.S. citizen;
(b) a partnership in which each member is a U.S. citizen; or
(c) a U.S. corporation of which the president and at least two thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, and at least 75 percent of the voting interest in the corporation is owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. In addition, this statutory requirement has historically been interpreted by the Department of Transportation (and the Civil Aeronautics Board before it) to require that an air carrier in fact be under the actual I-US-7 control of U.S. citizens. The Department of Transportation makes this determination on a case-by-case basis, and has provided guidance as to certain lines of demarcation. For example, total foreign equity investment of up to 49 percent (with a maximum of 25 percent being voting stock), by itself, is not construed as indicative of foreign control. See Department of Transportation Order 91-1-41, January 23, 1991.
Sector: Air Transportation
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Articles 10.2, 11.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 10.3, 11.3) Local Presence (Article 11.5) Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 10.6)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: 49 U.S.C., Subtitle VII, Aviation Programs 49 U.S.C. § 41703 14 C.F.R. Part 375 As qualified by paragraph 2 of the Description element
Description: Cross-Border Services
1. Authorization from the Department of Transportation is required for the provision of specialty air services in the territory of the United States.*
Investment
2. “Foreign civil aircraft” require authority from the Department of Transportation to conduct specialty air services in the territory of the United States. “Foreign civil aircraft” are aircraft of foreign registry or aircraft of U.S. registry that are owned, controlled, or operated by persons who are not citizens or permanent residents of the United States (14 C.F.R. § 375.1). Under 49 U.S.C. § 40102(15), a “citizen of the United States” means:
(a) an individual who is a U.S. citizen;
(b) a partnership in which each member is a U.S. citizen; or
(c) a U.S. corporation of which the president and at least two thirds of the board of directors and other managing officers are U.S. citizens, and at least seventy-five percent of the voting interest in the corporation is owned or controlled by U.S. citizens. In addition, this statutory requirement has historically been I-US-9 interpreted by the Department of Transportation (and the Civil Aeronautics Board before it) to require that an air carrier in fact be under the actual control of U.S. citizens. The Department of Transportation makes this determination on a case-by-case basis, and has provided guidance as to certain lines of demarcation. For example, total foreign equity investment of up to 49 percent (with a maximum of 25 percent being voting stock), by itself, is not construed as indicative of foreign control. See Department of Transportation Order 91-1-41, January 23, 1991.
*A person of Chile will be able to obtain such an authorization given Chile’s acceptance of the definition of specialty air services in the Cross-Border Services Chapter.
Sector: Transportation Services - Customs Brokers
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Articles 10.2, 11.2) Local Presence (Article 11.5)
Level of Government: Central Measures: 19 U.S.C. § 1641(b) Description: Investment and Cross-Border Services A customs broker’s license is required to conduct customs business on behalf of another person. Only U.S. citizens may obtain such a license. A corporation, association, or partnership established under the law of any state may receive a customs broker’s license if at least one officer of the corporation or association, or one member of the partnership, holds a valid customs broker’s license.
Sector: All Sectors
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.3)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. §§ 77C(b), 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j and 77s(a) 17 C.F.R. §§ 230.251 and 230.405 Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78l, 78m, 78o(d) and 78w(a) 17 C.F.R. § 240.12b-2
Description: Investment Foreign firms, except for certain Canadian issuers, may not use the small business registration forms under the Securities Act of 1933 to register public offerings of securities or the small business registration forms under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to register a class of securities or file annual reports.
Sector: Communications - Radiocommunications
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: 47 U.S.C. § 310 Foreign Participation Order 12 FCC Red 23841 (1997)
Description: Investment The United States reserves the right to restrict ownership of radio licenses in accordance with the above statutory and regulatory provisions. Radiocommunications consists of all communications by radio, including broadcasting.
Sector: Professional Services - Patent Attorneys, Patent Agents, and Other Practice before the Patent and Trademark Office
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 11.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 11.3) Local Presence (Article 11.5)
Level of Government: Central
Measures: 35 U.S.C. Chapter 3 (practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office) 37 C.F.R. Part 10 (representation of others before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office)
Description: Cross-Border Services As a condition to be registered to practice for others before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO):
(a) a patent attorney must be a U.S. citizen or an alien lawfully residing in the United States (37 C.F.R. § 10.6(a));
(b) a patent agent must be a U.S. citizen, an alien lawfully residing in the United States, or a non-resident who is registered to practice in a country that permits patent agents registered to practice before the USPTO to practice in that country; the latter is permitted to practice for the limited purpose of presenting and prosecuting patent applications of applicants located in the country in which he or she resides (37 C.F.R. § 10.6(c)); and
(c) a practitioner in trademark and non-patent cases must be an attorney licensed in the United States, a “grandfathered” agent, an attorney licensed to practice in a country that accords equivalent treatment to attorneys licensed in the United States, or an agent registered to practice in such a country; the latter two are permitted to practice for the limited purpose of representing parties located in the country in which he or she resides (37 C.F.R. § 10.14(a)- (c)).
Sector: All Sectors
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Articles 10.2, 11.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Article 10.3, 11.3) Local Presence (Article 11.5) Performance Requirements (Article 10.5) Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 10.6)
Level of Government: Regional
Measures: All existing non-conforming measures of all states of the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
Description: Investment and Cross-Border Services
Annex I. Schedule of Chile
Sector: All Sectors
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2)
Measures: Decreto Ley 1939, Diario Oficial, noviembre 10, 1977, Normas sobre adquisición, administración y disposición de bienes del Estado, Título I Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 4 del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Diario Oficial, noviembre 10, 1967
Description: Investment
Chile may only dispose of the ownership or other rights over “State land” to Chilean natural or juridical persons, unless the applicable legal exceptions, such as in Decreto Ley 1939, apply. “State land” for these purposes refers to State-owned land up to a distance of 10 kilometers from the border and up to a distance of 5 kilometers from the coastline. Corporeal immovable property situated in areas declared “the borderland zone” by virtue of Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 4, 1967, of the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores may not be acquired, either as property or in any other title, by (1) natural persons with nationality in a neighboring country; (2) juridical persons with their principal seat in a neighboring country; (3) juridical persons with 40 percent or more of capital owned by natural persons with nationality in a neighboring country; or (4) juridical persons effectively controlled by such natural persons. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this limitation may not apply if an exemption is granted by a Decreto Supremo of the President of the Republic based on considerations of national interest.
Sector: All Sectors
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 11.2) Local Presence (Article 11.5)
Measures: Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 1 del Ministerio del Trabajo y Previsión Social, Diario Oficial, enero 24, 1994, Código del Trabajo, Título Preliminar, Libro I, Capítulo III
Description: Cross-Border Services
A minimum of 85 percent of employees who work for the same Chilean employer shall be Chilean natural persons. This rule applies to employers with more than 25 employees under a contract of employment (contrato de trabajo). Specialized technical personnel who cannot be replaced by national personnel shall not be subject to this provision, as determined by the Dirección del Trabajo. An employee shall be understood to mean any natural person who renders intellectual or material services, under dependency or subordination, pursuant to a contract of employment. Article 20 of the Código del Trabajo shall be understood to mean that the personnel that an investor of the United States that has made an investment under Chapter Ten (Investments) requires for starting up in Chile will be treated, for a period of 18 months from the date of start up, as specialized technical personnel that cannot be replaced by national personnel. For greater certainty, a contrato de trabajo is not mandatory for the supply of cross–border trade in services.
Sector: Communications
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Articles 10.2, 11.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 10.3, 11.3) Local Presence (Article 11.5) Performance Requirements (Article 10.5) Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 10.6)
Measures: Ley 18838, Diario Oficial, septiembre 30, 1989, Consejo Nacional de Televisión, Títulos I, II, y III Ley 18168, Diario Oficial, octubre 2, 1982, Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Títulos I, II, y III Ley 19733, Diario Oficial, junio 4, 2001, Ley sobre las Libertades de Opinión e Información y Ejercicio del Periodismo, Títulos I y III
Description: Investment and Cross-Border Services
The owner of a social communication medium such as sound and image transmissions or a national news agency, shall, in the case of a natural person, have a duly established domicile in Chile, and, in the case of a juridical person, shall be constituted with domicile in Chile or have an agency authorized to operate within the national territory. Only Chilean nationals may be president, administrators, or legal representatives of the juridical person. In the case of public radio broadcasting services, the majority of the members of the Board of Directors must be Chilean nationals. The legally responsible director and the person who replaces him or her must be Chilean with domicile and residence in Chile. Requests for public radio broadcasting concessions, submitted by a juridical person in which foreigners hold an interest exceeding 10 percent of the capital, shall be granted only if proof is previously provided verifying that similar rights and obligations as those that an applicant will enjoy in Chile are granted to Chilean nationals in the applicant’s country of origin. The Consejo Nacional de Televisión may establish, as a general requirement, that programs broadcast through public (open) television channels include up to 40 percent of Chilean production. Only juridical persons duly constituted in Chile and having I-CH-4 domicile in the country may be the titleholders, or make use of permits, for limited radio broadcasting telecommunications services. Only Chilean nationals may be president, managers, or legal representatives of that juridical person. Only juridical persons duly constituted in Chile and having domicile in the country may be the titleholders or make use of permits for limited cable television or microwave television services. Only Chilean nationals may be president, directors, managers, administrators, and legal representatives of the juridical person.
Sector: Energy
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2) Performance Requirements (Article 10.5)
Measures: Constitución Política de la República de Chile, Capítulo III Ley 18097, Diario Oficial, enero 21, 1982, Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Concesiones Mineras, Títulos I, II, y III Ley 18248, Diario Oficial, octubre 14, 1983, Código de Minería , Títulos I y II Ley 16319, Diario Oficial, octubre 23, 1965, crea la Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Títulos I, II, y III
Description: Investment
The exploration, exploitation, and treatment (beneficio) of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons, deposits of any kind existing in sea waters subject to national jurisdiction, and deposits of any kind wholly or partially located in areas classified as important to national security with mining effects, which qualification shall be made by law only, can be the object of administrative concessions or special operating contracts, subject to the requirements and the conditions to be determined, in each case by a supreme decree of the President of the Republic. For greater certainty, it is understood that the term beneficio shall not include the storage, transportation, or refining of the energy material referred to in this paragraph. The production of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes may only be carried out by the Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear or, with its authorization, jointly with third persons. Should the Comisión grant such an authorization, it may determine the terms and conditions thereof.
Sector: Mining
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2) Performance Requirements (Article 10.5)
Measures: Constitución Política de la República de Chile, Capítulo III Ley 18097, Diario Oficial, enero 12, 1982, Ley Orgánica Constitucional sobre Concesiones Mineras, Títulos I, II, y III Ley 18248, Diario Oficial, octubre 14, 1983, Código de Minería, Títulos I y III Ley 16319, Diario Oficial, octubre 23, 1965, crea la Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Títulos I, II, y III
Description: Investment
The exploration, exploitation, and treatment (beneficio) of lithium, deposits of any kind existing in sea waters subject to national jurisdiction, and deposits of any kind wholly or partially located in areas classified as important to national security with mining effects, which qualification shall be made by law only, can be the object of administrative concessions or special operating contracts, subject to the requirements and the conditions to be determined, in each case by a supreme decree of the President of the Republic. For greater transparency, Chile has the right of first refusal, at the customary market prices and terms, for the purchase of mineral products from mining operations in the country when thorium or uranium are contained in significant amounts therein. For greater certainty, Chile may demand that producers separate from mining products the portion of: (1) liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons; (2) lithium; (3) deposits of any kind existing in sea waters subject to national jurisdiction; and (4) deposits of any kind wholly or partially located in areas classified as important to national security with mining effects, which qualification shall be made by law only, that exists, in significant amounts, in such mining products and that can be economically and technically separated, for delivery to or for sale on behalf of the State. For these purposes, economically and technically separated means that the costs incurred to recover the four types of substances referred to above through a sound technical procedure, and to commercialize and deliver the same shall be lower than its commercial value. Extracted natural atomic materials and lithium, and their concentrates, derivatives, and compounds, cannot be subject to any kind of juridical acts, unless executed or entered into by the Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, or with its prior authorization. Should the Comisión grant an authorization, it shall determine, in turn, the conditions granted therein.
Sector: Fisheries Aquaculture
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 10.2)
Measures: Ley 18892, Diario Oficial enero 21, 1992, Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, Títulos I y VI
Description: Investment
A concession or authorization is required for the use of beaches, land adjacent to beaches (terrenos de playas), water-columns (porciones de agua), and sea-bed lots (fondos marinos) to engage in aquaculture activities. Only Chilean natural or juridical persons constituted in accordance with Chilean law and foreigners with permanent residency may hold an authorization or concession to carry out aquaculture activities.
Sector: Fisheries
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Articles 10.2, 11.2) Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (Articles 10.3, 11.3) Local Presence (Article 11.5) Senior Management and Boards of Directors (Article 10.6)
Measures: Ley 18892, Diario Oficial, enero 21, 1992, Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, Títulos I, III, IV, y IX Decreto Ley 2.222, Diario Oficial, mayo 31, 1978, Ley de Navegación, Títulos I y II
Description: Investment and Cross-Border Services
A permit issued by the Subsecretaría de Pesca is required in order to harvest and catch hydrobiological species in interior waters, in the territorial sea, and in Chile’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Only Chilean natural persons or juridical persons constituted in accordance with Chilean law and foreigners with permanent residency may hold permits to harvest and catch hydrobiological species. Only Chilean vessels are permitted to fish in interior waters, in the territorial sea, and in Chile’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Chilean vessels are those defined in the Ley de Navegación. Access to industrial extractive fishing activities shall be subject to prior registration of the vessel in Chile. Only a Chilean natural or juridical person may register a vessel in Chile. A juridical person must be constituted in Chile with principal domicile and real and effective seat in Chile. The president, manager, and the majority of the directors or administrators must be Chilean natural persons. In addition, more than 50 percent of its equity capital must be held by Chilean natural or juridical persons. For these purposes, a juridical person with ownership participation in another juridical person that owns a vessel has to comply with all the requirements mentioned above. A joint ownership (comunidad) may register a vessel if (1) the majority of the joint ownership is Chilean with domicile and residency in Chile; (2) the administrators are Chilean natural persons; and (3) the majority of the rights of the joint ownership (comunidad) belong to a Chilean natural or juridical person. For these purposes, a juridical person with ownership participation in a joint ownership (comunidad) that owns a vessel has to comply with all the requirements mentioned above. An owner (natural or juridical person) of a fishing vessel registered in Chile prior to June 30, 1991 shall not be subject to the nationality requirement mentioned above. In cases of reciprocity granted to Chilean vessels by other States, fishing vessels specifically authorized by the maritime authorities pursuant to powers conferred by law may be exempted from the requirements mentioned above on equivalent terms provided to Chilean vessels by that State. Access to small-scale fishing activities (pesca artesanal) shall be subject to registration in the Registro de Pesca Artesanal. Registration for small-scale fishing (pesca artesanal) is only granted to Chilean natural persons and foreign natural persons with permanent residency, or a Chilean juridical person constituted by the aforementioned persons.
Sector: Sports, Industrial Fishing and Hunting, and Recreational Services
Obligations Concerned: Local Presence (Article 11.5)
Measure: Ley 17798, Diario Oficial, octubre 21, 1972, Título I Decreto Supremo 77 del Ministerio de Defensa, Diario Oficial, agosto 14, 1982
Description: Cross-Border Services
Any person who owns guns, explosives, or similar substances must register with the appropriate authority in its domicile, for which purpose a request shall be submitted to the Dirección General de Movilización Nacional del Ministerio de Defensa. Any natural or juridical person registered as an importer of fireworks may request authorization for importation and entrance thereof into Chile from Group No. 3 of the Dirección General de Movilización Nacional and may keep stocks of said elements for sale to persons holding authorization to stage pyrotechnical shows. The Supervisory Authority (Autoridad Fiscalizadora) shall only authorize pyrotechnical shows if a report is available with regard to the installation, development, and security measures for the show, which must be signed and approved by a fireworks programmer registered in the national registries of the Dirección General de Movilización Nacional or by a professional certified by said Dirección General. For the production and execution of pyrotechnical shows, the presence of at least a fireworks expert handler registered with the Dirección General shall be required.
Sector: Specialized Services Customs Agents (Agentes de Aduana) and Brokers (Despachadores de Aduana)
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (11.2) Local Presence (11.5)
Measures: Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 30 del Ministerio de Hacienda, Diario Oficial, abril 13, 1983, Libro IV
Description: Cross-Border Services
Only Chilean natural persons may act as customs brokers (Despachadores de Aduana) or agents (Agentes de Aduana).
Sector: Specialized Services Private Armed Security Guards
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 11.2)
Measures: Decreto 1.773 del Ministerio del Interior, Diario Oficial, noviembre 14, 1994
Description: Cross-Border Services
Only Chilean nationals may provide services as private armed security guards.
Sector: Business Services Research Services
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 11.2)
Measures: Decreto Supremo 711 del Ministerio de Defensa, Diario Oficial, octubre 15, 1975
Description: Cross-Border Services
Foreign natural and juridical persons intending to conduct research in the Chilean 200-mile maritime zone shall be required to submit a request six months in advance to the Instituto Hidrográfico de la Armada de Chile and shall comply with the requirements established in the corresponding regulation. To that end they must submit a request at least six months in advance of the date on which they intend to begin the research.
Sector: Business Services Research Services
Obligations Concerned: National Treatment (Article 11.2)
Measures: Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 11 del Ministerio de Economía, Diario Oficial, diciembre 5, 1968 Decreto 559 del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Diario Oficial, enero 24, 1968 Decreto con Fuerza de Ley 83 del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Diario Oficial, marzo 27, 1979
Description: Cross-Border Services
Natural persons representing foreign juridical persons, or natural persons residing abroad, intending to perform explorations for work of a scientific or technical nature, or mountain climbing, in areas that are adjacent to Chilean borders shall apply for the appropriate authorization through a Chilean Consul in the country of domicile of the natural person. The Chilean consul shall then send such request directly to the Dirección de Fronteras y Límites del Estado. The Dirección may order that one or more Chilean natural persons working in the appropriate related activities shall join the expedition in order to become acquainted with the studies to be undertaken. The Departamento de Operaciones de la Dirección de Fronteras y Límites del Estado shall decide and announce whether it authorizes or rejects geographic or scientific explorations to be carried out by foreign juridical or natural persons in Chile. The Dirección de Fronteras y Límites del Estado shall authorize and will supervise all explorations involving work of a scientific or technical nature, or related to mountain climbing, that foreign juridical persons or natural persons residing abroad intend to carry out in areas adjacent to Chilean borders.
Sector: Business Services Research in Social Sciences