(b) the Parties;
(c) the disputing parties in the specific dispute; (d) any other relevant international court or tribunal.
4. The appointing authority in charge of deciding on challenges shall make public its decision to take the actions referred in paragraphs 3(a) to 3(d) above, together with the reasons thereof.
6. Confidentiality
1. No member or former member shall at any time disclose or use any non-public information concerning a proceeding or acquired during a proceeding, except for the purposes of that proceeding, and shall not, in any case, disclose or use any such information to gain personal advantage or advantage for others or to adversely affect the interest of others.
2. Members shall not disclose an order, decision, or award or parts thereof prior to adoption or publication.
3. Members or former members shall not at any time disclose the deliberations of the tribunal, or any views of other members forming part of the tribunal, except in an order, decision or award.
7. Expenses
Each member shall keep a record and render a final account of the time devoted to the procedure and of the expenses incurred, as well as the time and expenses of their assistants.
8. Mediators
The rules set out in this Code of Conduct apply, mutatis mutandis, to mediators.
Annex II. EXPROPRIATION
The Parties confirm their shared understanding that:
1. Expropriation may be either direct or indirect:
(a) direct expropriation occurs when an investment is nationalised or otherwise directly expropriated through formal transfer of title or outright seizure.
(b) indirect expropriation occurs where a measure or series of measures by a Party has an effect equivalent to direct expropriation, in that it substantially deprives the investor of the fundamental attributes of property in its investment, including the right to use, enjoy and dispose of its investment, without formal transfer of title or outright seizure.
2. The determination of whether a measure or series of measures by a Party, in a specific situation, constitutes an indirect expropriation requires a case-by-case, fact-based inquiry that considers, among other factors:
(a) the economic impact of the measure or series of measures, although the sole fact that a measure or series of measures of a Party has an adverse effect on the economic value of an investment does not establish that an indirect expropriation has occurred;
(b) the duration of the measure or series of measures by a Party;
(c) the character of the measure or series of measures, notably their object and context.
3. For greater certainty, except in the rare circumstance when the impact of a measure or series of measures is so severe in light of its purpose that it appears manifestly excessive, non- discriminatory measures by a Party that are designed and applied to protect legitimate policy objectives, such as the protection of public health, social services, public education, safety, environment including climate change, public morals, social or consumer protection, privacy and data protection, or the promotion and protection of cultural diversity do not constitute indirect expropriations.