Singapore - United States FTA (2003)
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(ii) the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (1991) (UPOV Convention);

(iii) the WIPO Copyright Treaty (1996);

(iv) the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (1996); and

(v) the Patent Cooperation Treaty (1984).

(b) Each Party shall give effect to:

(i) Articles 1 through 6 of the Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks (1999), adopted by the Assembly of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property and the General Assembly of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); and

(ii) the Trademark Law Treaty. (16-1)

(c) Each Party shall make best efforts to ratify or accede to:

(i) the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs (1999); and

(ii) the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks (1989).

3. In respect of all categories of intellectual property covered in this Chapter, each Party shall accord to nationals (16-2) of the other Party treatment no less favorable than it accords to its own nationals with regard to the protection (16-3) and enjoyment of such intellectual property rights and any benefits derived from such rights. (16-4)

4. Each Party may derogate from paragraph 3 in relation to its judicial and administrative procedures, including the designation of an address for service or the appointment of an agent within the jurisdiction of a Party, only where such derogations are necessary to secure compliance with laws and regulations that are not inconsistent with this Chapter and where such practices are not applied in a manner that would constitute a disguised restriction on trade.

5. Paragraphs 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.

6. Except as otherwise provided in this Chapter:

(a) this Chapter gives rise to obligations in respect of all subject matter existing at the date of entry into force of this Agreement that is protected on that date in the Party where the protection is claimed and/or that meets or comes subsequently to meet the criteria for protection under the terms of this Chapter;

(b) a Party shall not be required to restore protection to subject matter that on the date of entry into force of this Agreement has fallen into the public domain in the Party where the protection is claimed.

7. This Chapter does not give rise to obligations in respect of acts that occurred before the date of entry into force of this Agreement.

(16-1) Singapore is not obligated to give effect to Articles 6 and 7 of the Trademark Law Treaty.
(16-2) For purposes of Articles 16.1.3 and 16.5.1, a national of a Party shall also mean, in respect of the relevant right, entities located in such Party that would meet the criteria for eligibility for protection provided for in the agreements listed in Article 16.1.2 and the TRIPS Agreement.
(16-3) For the purposes of paragraphs 3 and 4, "protection" shall include matters affecting the availability, acquisition, scope, maintenance, and enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as matters affecting the use of intellectual property rights specifically covered by this Chapter. For the purposes of paragraphs 3 and 4, "protection" shall also include the prohibition on circumvention of effective technological measures pursuant to paragraph 7 of Article 16.4 and the provision concerning rights management information pursuant to paragraph 8 of Article 16.4.
(16-4) "Benefits derived therefrom" refers to benefits such as levies on blank tapes.

Article 16.2. TRADEMARKS, INCLUDING GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS

1. Each Party shall provide that trademarks shall include service marks, collective marks, and certification marks, (16-5) and may include geographical indications. (16-6) Neither Party shall require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually perceptible, but each Party shall make best efforts to register scent marks. Each Party shall afford an opportunity for the registration of a trademark to be opposed.

2. Each Party shall provide that the owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owner's consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs, including geographical indications, for goods or services that are related to those in respect of which the trademark is registered, where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion.

3. Each Party may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark, such as fair use of descriptive terms, provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of third parties.

4. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1967) ("Paris Convention") shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to goods or services that are not similar to those identified by a well-known trademark, whether registered or not, provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a connection between those goods or services and the owner of the trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.

5. Neither Party shall require recordation of trademark licenses to establish the validity of the license or to assert any rights in a trademark.

6. Pursuant to Article 20 of the TRIPS Agreement, each Party shall ensure that its provisions mandating the use of a term customary in common language as the common name for a product including, inter alia, requirements concerning the relative size, placement, or style of use of the trademark in relation to the common name, do not impair the use or effectiveness of a trademark used in relation to such products. (16-7)

(16-5) Neither Party is obligated to treat certification marks as a separate category in domestic law, provided that such marks are protected.
(16-6) A geographical indication shall be capable of constituting a trademark to the extent that the geographical indication consists of any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of identifying a good or service as originating in the territory of a Party, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good or service is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.
(16-7) This provision is not intended to affect the use of common names of pharmaceutical products in prescribing medicine.

Article 16.3. DOMAIN NAMES ON THE INTERNET

1. Each Party shall participate in the Governmental Advisory Committee of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which serves to consider and provide advice on the activities of the ICANN as they relate to government concerns, including matters related to intellectual property and the domain name system, as well as to promote responsible country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) administration, management, and operational practices.

2. Each Party shall require that registrants of domain names in its ccTLD are subject to a dispute resolution procedure, modeled along the same lines as the principles set forth in ICANN Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (CANN UDRP), to address and resolve disputes related to the bad-faith registration of domain names in violation of trademarks. Each Party shall also ensure that its corresponding ccTLDs provide public access to a reliable and accurate WHOIS database of domain name registrant contact information.

Article 16.4. OBLIGATIONS COMMON TO COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS

1. Each Party shall provide that authors, performers, and producers of phonograms and their successors in interest have the right to authorize or prohibit all reproductions, in any manner or form, permanent or temporary (including temporary storage in electronic form).

2. (a) Without prejudice to Articles 11(1)(i), 11bis(1)(i) and (ii), 11ter(1)(ii), 14(1) (ii), and 14bis(1) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1971) ("Berne Convention"), each Party shall provide to authors, performers, producers of phonograms and their successors in interest the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit the communication to the public of their works, performances, or phonograms, by wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of their works, performances, and phonograms in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them. Notwithstanding paragraph 10, a Party may provide limitations or exceptions to this right in the case of performers and producers of phonograms for analog or digital free over-the-air terrestrial broadcasting and, further, a Party may provide limitations with respect to other non-interactive transmissions, in certain special cases provided that such limitations do not conflict with a normal exploitation of performances or phonograms and do not unreasonably prejudice the interests of such right holders.

(b) Neither Party shall permit the retransmission of television signals (whether terrestrial, cable, or satellite) on the Internet without the authorization of the right holder in the subject matter of the signal.

3. Each Party shall provide to authors, performers, producers of phonograms, and their successors in interest the exclusive right of authorizing the making available to the public of the original and copies of their works and phonograms through sale or other transfer of ownership.

4. Each Party shall provide that where the term of protection of a work (including a photographic work), performance, or phonogram is to be calculated:

(a) on the basis of the life of a natural person, the term shall be not less than the life of the author and 70 years after the author-s death; and

(b) on a basis other than the life of a natural person, the term shall be not less than 70 years from the end of the calendar year of the first authorized publication of the work, performance, or phonogram or, failing such authorized publication within 50 years from the creation of the work, performance, or phonogram, not less than 70 years from the end of the calendar year of the creation of the work, performance, or phonogram.

5. Each Party shall apply the provisions of Article 18 of the Berne Convention, mutatis mutandis, to the subject matter, rights and obligations in Articles 16.4 and 16.5.

6. Each Party shall provide that for copyright and related rights, any person acquiring or holding any economic right:

(a) may freely and separately transfer such right by contract; and

(b) by virtue of a contract, including contracts of employment underlying the creation of works and phonograms, shall be able to exercise those rights in its own name and enjoy fully the benefits derived from those rights.

7. In order to provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that authors, performers, producers of phonograms, and their successors in interest use in connection with the exercise of their rights and that restrict unauthorized acts in respect of their works, performances, and phonograms, each Party shall provide that any person who:

(i) knowingly, or having reasonable grounds to know, circumvents without authority any effective technological measure that controls access to a protected work, performance, phonogram, or other subject matter; or

(ii) manufactures, imports, distributes, offers to the public, provides, or otherwise traffics in devices, products, or components or offers to the public or provides services, which:

(A) are promoted, advertised, or marketed for the purpose of circumvention of any effective technological measure, or

(B) have only a limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent any effective technological measure, or

(C) are primarily designed, produced, or performed for the purpose of enabling or facilitating the circumvention of any effective technological measure;

shall be liable and subject to the remedies provided for in Article 16.9.5. Each Party shall provide that any person, other than a nonprofit library, archive, educational institution, or public noncommercial broadcasting entity, that is found to have engaged willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain in such activities shall be guilty of a criminal offense.

(b) For purposes of this paragraph, effective technological measure means any technology, device, or component that, in the normal course of its operation, controls access to a protected work, performance, phonogram, or other subject matter, or protects any copyright or any rights related to copyright.

(c) Paragraph 7(a) obligates each Party to prohibit circumvention of effective technological measures and does not obligate a Party to require that the design of, or the design and selection of parts and components for, a consumer electronics, telecommunications, or computing product provide for a response to any particular technological measure. The absence of a requirement to respond affirmatively shall not constitute a defense to a claim of violation of that Party's measures implementing paragraph 7(a).

(d) Each Party shall provide that a violation of the law implementing this paragraph is independent of any infringement that might occur under the Party's law on copyright and related rights.

(e) Each Party shall confine exceptions to the prohibition referred to in paragraph 7(a)(ii) on technology, products, services, or devices that circumvent effective technological measures that control access to, and, in the case of clause (i) below, that protect any of the exclusive rights of copyright or related rights in a protected work, to the following activities, provided that they do not impair the adequacy of legal protection or the effectiveness of legal remedies that the Party provides against the circumvention of effective technological measures:

(i) noninfringing reverse engineering activities with regard to a lawfully obtained copy of a computer program, carried out in good faith with respect to particular elements of that computer program that have not been readily available to the person engaged in such activity, for the sole purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs;

(ii) noninfringing good faith activities, carried out by an appropriately qualified researcher who has lawfully obtained a copy, performance, or display of a work, and who has made a good faith effort to obtain authorization for such activities, to the extent necessary for the sole purpose of identifying and analyzing flaws and vulnerabilities of technologies for scrambling and descrambling of information;

(iii) the inclusion of a component or part for the sole purpose of preventing the access of minors to inappropriate online content in a technology, product, service, or device provided that such technology, product, service or device itself is not prohibited under the measures implementing paragraph 7(a)(ii); and

(iv) noninfringing good faith activities that are authorized by the owner of a computer, computer system, or computer network for the sole purpose of testing, investigating, or correcting the security of that computer, computer system, or computer network.

(f) Each Party shall confine exceptions to the prohibited conduct referred to in paragraph 7(a)(i) to the activities listed in paragraph 7(e) and the following activities, provided that such exceptions do not impair the adequacy of legal protection or the effectiveness of legal remedies the Party provides against the circumvention of effective technological measures:

(i) access by a nonprofit library, archive, or educational institution to a work not otherwise available to it, for the sole purpose of making acquisition decisions;

(ii) noninfringing activities for the sole purpose of identifying and disabling a capability to carry out undisclosed collection or dissemination of personally identifying information reflecting the online activities of a natural person in a way that has no other effect on the ability of any person to gain access to any work; and

(iii) noninfringing uses of a particular class of works when an actual or likely adverse impact on such noninfringing uses with respect to such particular class of works is credibly demonstrated in a legislative or administrative proceeding, provided that any exception adopted in reliance on this clause shall have effect for a period of not more than four years from the date of conclusion of such proceeding.

(g) Each Party may also provide exceptions to the prohibited conduct referred to in paragraph 7(a) for lawfully authorized activities carried out by government employees, agents, or contractors for the purpose of law enforcement, intelligence, national defense, essential security, or similar government activities.

8. In order to provide adequate and effective legal remedies to protect rights management information:

(a) each Party shall provide that any person who without authority, and knowingly, or, with respect to civil remedies, having reasonable grounds to know, that it will induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement of any copyright or related right,

(i) knowingly removes or alters any rights management information;

(ii) distributes or imports for distribution rights management information knowing that the rights management information has been altered without authority; or

(iii) distributes, imports for distribution, broadcasts, communicates, or makes available to the public copies of works or phonograms, knowing that rights management information has been removed or altered without authority,

shall be liable and subject to the remedies in Article 16.9.5. Each Party shall provide that any person, other than a nonprofit library, archive, educational institution, or public noncommercial broadcasting entity, who is found to have engaged willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain in such activities shall be guilty of a criminal offense.

(b) For purposes of this paragraph, rights management information means information which identifies a work, performance, or phonogram; the author of the work, the performer of the performance, or the producer of the phonogram; or the owner of any right in the work, performance, or phonogram; information about the terms and conditions of the use of the work, performance, or phonogram; and any numbers or codes that represent such information, when any of these items is attached to a copy of the work, performance, or phonogram or appears in conjunction with the communication or making available of a work, performance, or phonogram to the public. Nothing in this paragraph obligates a Party to require the owner of any right in the work, performance, or phonogram to attach rights management information to copies of it or to cause rights management information to appear in connection with a communication of the work, performance, or phonogram to the public.

9. Each Party shall issue appropriate laws, orders, regulations, administrative, or executive decrees mandating that all government agencies use computer software only as authorized by the right holder. Such measures shall actively regulate the acquisition and management of software for such government use, which may take the form of procedures, such as preparing and maintaining inventories of software present on agency computers, and inventories of existing software licenses.

10. Each Party shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights in Articles 16.4 and 16.5 to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work, performance, or phonogram, and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.

Article 16.5. OBLIGATIONS PERTAINING TO RELATED RIGHTS

1. Each Party shall accord the rights provided for In this Chapter to performers and producers of phonograms who are nationals of the other Party and to performances or phonograms first published or fixed in the territory of the other Party. A performance or phonogram shall be considered first published in any Party in which it is published within 30 days of its original publication. (16-8)

2. Each Party shall provide to performers the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit:

(a) the communication to the public of their unfixed performances, except where the performance is already a broadcast performance, and

(b) the fixation of their unfixed performances.

3. With respect to all rights of performers and producers of phonograms, the enjoyment and exercise of the rights provided for in this Chapter shall not be subject to any formality.

4. For the purposes of this Chapter, the following definitions apply with respect to performers and producers of phonograms:

(a) performers means actors, singers, musicians, dancers, and other persons who act, sing, deliver, declaim, play in, interpret, or otherwise perform literary or artistic works or expressions of folklore;

(b) phonogram means the fixation of the sounds of a performance or of other sounds, or of a representation of sounds, other than in the form of a fixation incorporated in a cinematographic or other audiovisual work; (16-9)

(c) fixation means the embodiment of sounds, or of the representations thereof, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated through a device;

(d) producer of a phonogram means the person, or the legal entity, who or which takes the initiative and has the responsibility for the first fixation of the sounds of a performance or other sounds, or the representations of sounds;

(e) publication of a fixed performance or a phonogram means the offering of copies of the fixed performance or the phonogram to the public, with the consent of the right holder, and provided that copies are offered to the public in reasonable quantity; and

(f) broadcasting means the transmission by wireless means for public reception of sounds or of images and sounds or of the representations thereof; such transmission by satellite is also broadcasting; transmission of encrypted signals is broadcasting where the means for decrypting are provided to the public by the broadcasting organization or with its consent.

(16-8) For the application of paragraph 1 of Article 16.5, fixed means the finalization of the master tape or its equivalent.
(16-9) The definition of phonogram provided herein does not suggest that rights in the phonogram are in any way affected through their incorporation into a cinematographic or other audiovisual work,

Article 16.6. PROTECTION OF ENCRYPTED PROGRAM-CARRYING SATELLITE SIGNALS

1. Each Party shall make It:

(a) a criminal offense to manufacture, assemble, modify, import, export, sell, lease, or otherwise distribute a tangible or intangible device or system, knowing or having reason to know that the device or system is primarily of assistance in decoding an encrypted program-carrying satellite signal without the authorization of the lawful distributor of such signal;

(b) a criminal offense willfully to receive or further distribute an encrypted program- carrying satellite signal that has been decoded without the authorization of the lawful distributor of the signal; and

(c) a civil offense to engage in any activity prohibited under subparagraph (a) or (b).

2. Each Party shall provide that any civil offense established under subparagraph (c) shall be actionable by any person that holds an interest in the encrypted program-carrying satellite signal or the content thereof.

Article 16.7. PATENTS

1. Each Party shall make patents available for any invention, whether a product or a process, in all fields of technology, provided that the invention is new, involves an inventive step, and is capable of industrial application. For purposes of this Article, a Party may treat the terms "inventive step" and "capable of industrial application" as being synonymous with the terms "non-obvious" and "useful", respectively. Each Party may exclude inventions from patentability only as defined in Articles 27.2 and 27.3(a) of the TRIPS Agreement.

2. Each Party shall provide that patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession, a patent and to conclude licensing contracts. Each Party shall provide a cause of action to prevent or redress the procurement of a patented pharmaceutical product, without the authorization of the patent owner, by a party who knows or has reason to know that such product is or has been distributed in breach of a contract between the right holder and a licensee, regardless of whether such breach occurs in or outside its territory. (16-10) Each Party shall provide that in such a cause of action, notice shall constitute constructive knowledge.

3. Each Party may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by a patent, provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the patent owner, taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.

4. Each Party shall provide that a patent may only be revoked on grounds that would have justified a refusal to grant the patent, or that pertain to the insufficiency of or unauthorized amendments to the patent specification, non-disclosure or misrepresentation of prescribed, material particulars, fraud, and misrepresentation. Where such proceedings include opposition proceedings, a Party may not make such proceedings available prior to the grant of the patent.

5. If a Party permits the use by a third party of the subject matter of a subsisting patent to support an application for marketing approval of a pharmaceutical product, that Party shall provide that any product produced under such authority shall not be made, used, or sold in the territory of that Party other than for purposes related to meeting requirements for marketing approval, and if the Party permits exportation, the product shall only be exported outside the territory of that Party for purposes of meeting marketing approval requirements of that Party.

6. Neither Party shall permit the use (16-11) of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of the right holder except in the following circumstances:

(a) to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti- competitive under the competition laws of the Party; (16-12)

(b) in the case of public non-commercial use or in the case of a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, provided that:

(i) such use is limited to use by the government or third parties authorized by the government;

(ii) the patent owner is provided with reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture; and

(iii) the Party shall not require the patent owner to transfer undisclosed information or technical "know how" related to a patented invention that has been authorized for use without the consent of the patent owner pursuant to this paragraph.

Where a Party's law allows for such use pursuant to subparagraphs (a) and (b), the Party shall respect the provisions of Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement.

7. Each Party, at the request of the patent owner, shall extend the term of a patent to compensate for unreasonable delays that occur in granting the patent. For the purposes of this paragraph, an unreasonable delay shall at least include a delay in the issuance of the patent of more than four years from the date of filing of the application with the Party, or two years after a request for examination of the application has been made, whichever is later, provided that periods attributable to actions of the patent applicant need not be included in the determination of such delays. (16-13)

8. Where a Party provides for the grant of a patent on the basis of an examination of the invention conducted in another country, that Party, at the request of the patent owner, may extend the term of a patent for up to five years to compensate for the unreasonable delay that may occur in the issuance of the patent granted by such other country where that country has extended the term of the patent based on such delay.

(16-10) A Party may limit such cause of action to cases where the product has been sold or distributed only outside the Party's territory before its procurement inside the Party's territory.
(16-11) "Use" in this provision refers to use other than that allowed in paragraph 3.
(16-12) The Parties recognize that an intellectual property right does not necessarily confer market power upon its owner.
(16-13) Periods attributable to actions of the patent applicant shall include such periods of time taken to file prescribed documents relating to the examination as provided in the laws of the Party.

Article 16.8. CERTAIN REGULATED PRODUCTS

1. If a Party requires the submission of information concerning the safety and efficacy of a pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical product prior to permitting the marketing of such product, the Party shall not permit third parties not having the consent of the party providing the information to market the same or a similar product on the basis of the approval granted to the party submitting such information for a period of at least five years from the date of approval for a pharmaceutical product and ten years from the date of approval for an agricultural chemical product. (16-14)

2. If a Party provides a means of granting approval to market a product specified in paragraph 1 on the basis of the grant of an approval for marketing of the same or similar product in another country, the Party shall defer the date of any such approval to third parties not having the consent of the party providing the information in the other country for at least five years from the date of approval for a pharmaceutical product and ten years from the date of approval for an agricultural chemical product in the territory of the Party or in the other country, whichever is later.

3. Where a product is subject to a system of marketing approval pursuant to paragraph 1 or 2 and is also subject to a patent in the territory of that Party, the Party shall not alter the term of protection that it provides pursuant to paragraph 1 or 2 in the event that the patent protection terminates on a date earlier than the end of the term of such protection.

4. With respect to any pharmaceutical product that is subject to a patent:

(a) each Party shall make available an extension of the patent term to compensate the patent owner for unreasonable curtailment of the patent term as a result of the marketing approval process;

(b) the Party shall provide that the patent owner shall be notified of the identity of any third party requesting marketing approval effective during the term of the patent; and

(c) the Party shall not grant marketing approval to any third party prior to the expiration of the patent term, unless by consent or with the acquiescence of the patent owner.

(16-14) Where a Party, on the date of its implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, had in place a system for protecting pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical products not involving new chemical entities from unfair commercial use that conferred a different form or period of protection shorter than that specified in paragraph 1 of Article 16.8, that Party may retain such system notwithstanding the obligations of that paragraph.

Article 16.9. ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

General Obligations

1. Each Party shall ensure that in judicial and administrative proceedings for the enforcement of intellectual property rights, decisions on the merits of a case, that under the law or practice of the Party are of general application, shall preferably be in writing and shall state the reasons on which the decisions are based.

2. Each Party shall ensure that its laws and regulations, procedures, final judicial decisions, and administrative rulings of general application pertaining to the enforcement of intellectual property rights shall be published, or where such publication is not practicable, made publicly available, in a national language, in such a manner as to enable the other Party and right holders to become acquainted with them. Nothing in this paragraph shall require a Party to disclose confidential information the disclosure of which would impede law enforcement or otherwise be contrary to the public interest or would prejudice the legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.

3. Each Party shall inform the public of its efforts to provide effective enforcement of intellectual property rights in its civil, administrative, and criminal system, including any statistical information that the Party may collect for such purposes.

4. The Parties understand that a decision that a Party makes on the distribution of enforcement resources shall not excuse that Party from complying with this Chapter.

5. Each Party shall provide for civil remedies against the actions described in paragraphs 7 and 8 of Article 16.4. These shall include at least:

(a) provisional measures, including seizure of devices and products suspected of being involved in the prohibited activity;

(b) the opportunity for the right holder to elect between actual damages it suffered (plus any profits attributable to the prohibited activity not taken into account in computing the actual damages) or pre-established damages;

(c) payment to a prevailing right holder of court costs and fees and reasonable attorney's fees by the party engaged in the prohibited conduct at the conclusion of the civil judicial proceeding; and

(d) destruction of devices and products found to be involved in the prohibited conduct.

6. In civil, administrative, and criminal proceedings involving copyright or related rights, each Party shall provide for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the natural person or legal entity whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer, or publisher of the work, performance, or phonogram in the usual manner, is the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogram. Each Party shall also provide for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter.

Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

7. Each Party shall make available to right holders (16-15) civil judicial procedures concerning the enforcement of any intellectual property right.

8. Each Party shall provide that in civil judicial proceedings, its judicial authorities shall have the authority, at least with respect to works, phonograms, and performances protected by copyright or related rights, and in cases of trademark infringement, to order the infringer to pay the right holder damages adequate to compensate for the injury the right holder has suffered because of an infringement of that person-s intellectual property right by an infringer engaged in infringing activity, as well as the profits of the infringer that are attributable to the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages. In addition, in determining injury to the right holder, the judicial authorities shall, inter alia, consider the value of the infringed-upon good or service, according to the suggested retail price of the legitimate good or service.

9. In civil judicial proceedings, each Party shall, at least with respect to works, phonograms and performances protected by copyright or related rights, and in cases of trademark counterfeiting, establish or maintain pre-established damages that shall be available on the election of the right holder. Each Party shall provide that pre-established damages shall be in an amount sufficiently high to constitute a deterrent to future infringements and with the intent to compensate the right holder for the harm caused by the infringement.

10. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities, except in exceptional circumstances, shall have the authority to order, at the conclusion of the civil judicial proceedings concerning copyright or related rights and trademark counterfeiting, that a prevailing right holder shall be paid court costs or fees and reasonable attorney-s fees by the infringing party.

11. In civil judicial proceedings concerning copyright or related rights infringement and trademark counterfeiting, each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the seizure of suspected infringing goods and any related materials and implements used to accomplish the prohibited activity.

12. Each Party shall provide that:

(a) in civil judicial proceedings, at the right holder's request, goods that have been found to be pirated or counterfeit shall be destroyed, except in exceptional cases;

(b) its judicial authorities have the authority to order that materials and implements which have been used in the creation of the infringing goods be, without compensation of any sort, promptly destroyed or, in exceptional cases, without compensation of any sort, disposed of outside the channels of commerce in such a manner as to minimize the risks of further infringements; and

(c) in regard to counterfeit trademarked goods, the simple removal of the trademark unlawfully affixed shall not be sufficient to permit the release of goods into the channels of commerce.

13. Each Party shall provide that in civil judicial proceedings, its judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the infringer to identify third parties that are involved in the production and distribution of the infringing goods or services and their channels of distribution and to provide this information to the right holder. Each Party shall provide that its judicial authorities shall have the authority to fine or imprison, in appropriate cases, persons who fail to abide by valid orders issued by such authorities.

(16-15) For the purpose of Article 16.9 concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights, the term right holder shall include exclusive licensees as well as federations and associations having the legal standing to assert such rights; and the term "exclusive licensee" shall include the exclusive licensee of any one or more of the exclusive rights encompassed in a given intellectual property.

Provisional Measures Concerning the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

14. Each Party shall provide that requests for relief inaudita altera parte shall be dealt with expeditiously in accordance with the Party's judicial rules.

  • Chapter   1 ESTABLISHMENT OF A FREE TRADE AREA AND DEFINITIONS 1
  • Article   1.1 GENERAL 1
  • Article   1.2 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 1
  • ANNEX 1A  CERTAIN DEFINITIONS 1
  • Chapter   2 NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MARKET ACCESS FOR GOODS 1
  • Article   2.1 NATIONAL TREATMENT 1
  • Article   2.2 ELIMINATION OF DUTIES 1
  • Article   2.3 CUSTOMS VALUE 1
  • Article   2.4 EXPORT TAX 1
  • Article   2.5 TEMPORARY ADMISSION 1
  • Article   2.6 GOODS RE-ENTERED AFTER REPAIR OR ALTERATION 1
  • Article   2.7 IMPORT AND EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 1
  • Article   2.8 MERCHANDISE PROCESSING FEE 1
  • Article   2.9 DISTILLED SPIRITS 1
  • Article   2.10 BROADCASTING APPARATUS 1
  • Article   2.11 CHEWING GUM 1
  • Article   2.12 TARIFF TREATMENT OF NON-ORIGINATING COTTON AND MAN-MADE FIBER APPAREL GOODS (TARIFF PREFERENCE LEVELS) 1
  • Article   2.13 DEFINITIONS 1
  • Chapter   3 RULES OF ORIGIN 1
  • Section   A ORIGIN DETERMINATION 1
  • Article   3.1 ORIGINATING GOODS 1
  • Article   3.2 TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS 1
  • Article   3.3 DE MINIMIS 1
  • Article   3.4 ACCUMULATION 2
  • Article   3.5 REGIONAL VALUE CONTENT 2
  • Article   3.6 VALUE OF MATERIALS 2
  • Article   3.7 ACCESSORIES, SPARE PARTS, AND TOOLS 2
  • Article   3.8 FUNGIBLE GOODS AND MATERIALS 2
  • Article   3.9 PACKAGING MATERIALS AND CONTAINERS FOR RETAIL SALE 2
  • Article   3.10 PACKING MATERIALS AND CONTAINERS FOR SHIPMENT 2
  • Article   3.11 INDIRECT MATERIALS 2
  • Article   3.12 THIRD COUNTRY TRANSPORTATION 2
  • Section   B SUPPORTING INFORMATION AND VERIFICATION 2
  • Article   3.13 CLAIMS FOR PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT 2
  • Article   3.14 OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO IMPORTATIONS 2
  • Article   3.15 RECORD KEEPING REQUIREMENT 2
  • Article   3.16 VERIFICATION 2
  • Article   3.17 CERTAIN APPAREL GOODS 2
  • Section   C CONSULTATION AND MODIFICATIONS 2
  • Article   3.18 CONSULTATION AND MODIFICATIONS 2
  • Section   D DEFINITIONS 2
  • Article   3.19 DEFINITIONS 2
  • Section   E APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION 2
  • Article   3.20 APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION 2
  • Chapter   4 CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION 2
  • Article   4.1 PUBLICATION AND NOTIFICATION 2
  • Article   4.2 ADMINISTRATION 3
  • Article   4.3 ADVANCE RULINGS 3
  • Article   4.4 REVIEW AND APPEAL 3
  • Article   4.5 COOPERATION 3
  • Article   4.6 CONFIDENTIALITY 3
  • Article   4.7 PENALTIES 3
  • Article   4.8 RELEASE AND SECURITY 3
  • Article   4.9 RISK ASSESSMENT 3
  • Article   4.10 EXPRESS SHIPMENTS 3
  • Article   4.11 DEFINITIONS 3
  • Chapter   5 TEXTILES AND APPAREL 3
  • Article   5.1 SCOPE 3
  • Article   5.2 ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION 3
  • Article   5.3 MONITORING 3
  • Article   5.4 COOPERATION 3
  • Article   5.5 ENFORCEMENT 4
  • Article   5.6 INFORMATION SHARING 4
  • Article   5.7 CONFIDENTIALITY 4
  • Article   5.8 CONSULTATIONS AND RELATED MATTERS 4
  • Article   5.9 BILATERAL TEXTILE AND APPAREL SAFEGUARD ACTIONS 4
  • Article   5.10 EFFECTIVE DATE 4
  • Article   5.11 DEFINITIONS 4
  • Chapter   6 TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 4
  • Article   6.1 SCOPE 4
  • Article   6.2 ENHANCED COOPERATION AND CHAPTER 6 COORDINATOR 4
  • Article   6.3 CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT AND OTHER AREAS OF MUTUAL INTEREST 4
  • Article   6.4 DEFINITIONS 4
  • Chapter   7 SAFEGUARDS 4
  • Article   7.1 APPLICATION OF A BILATERAL SAFEGUARD MEASURE 4
  • Article   7.2 CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS 4
  • Article   7.3 PROVISIONAL MEASURES 4
  • Article   7.4 COMPENSATION 4
  • Article   7.5 GLOBAL SAFEGUARD MEASURES 4
  • Article   7.6 DEFINITIONS 4
  • Chapter   8 CROSS-BORDER TRADE IN SERVICES 4
  • Article   8.1 DEFINITIONS 5
  • Article   8.2 SCOPE AND COVERAGE 5
  • Article   8.3 NATIONAL TREATMENT 5
  • Article   8.4 MOST-FAVORED-NATION TREATMENT 5
  • Article   8.5 MARKET ACCESS 5
  • Article   8.6 LOCAL PRESENCE 5
  • Article   8.7 NON-CONFORMING MEASURES 5
  • Article   8.8 DOMESTIC REGULATION 5
  • Article   8.9 RECOGNITION 5
  • Article   8.10 TRANSFERS AND PAYMENTS 5
  • Article   8.11 DENIAL OF BENEFITS 5
  • Article   8.12 TRANSPARENCY IN DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF REGULATIONS 5
  • Article   8.13 IMPLEMENTATION 5
  • Chapter   9 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 5
  • Article   9.1 SCOPE AND COVERAGE 5
  • Article   9.2 ACCESS TO AND USE OF PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRANSPORT NETWORKS AND SERVICES  (9-2) 5
  • Article   9.3 INTERCONNECTION WITH SUPPLIERS OF PUBLIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 5
  • Article   9.4 CONDUCT OF MAJOR SUPPLIERS (9-3) (9-4) 5
  • Article   9.5 SUBMARINE CABLE LANDING STATIONS 6
  • Article   9.6 INDEPENDENT REGULATION AND PRIVATIZATION 6
  • Article   9.7 UNIVERSAL SERVICE 6
  • Article   9.8 LICENSING PROCESS 6
  • Article   9.9 ALLOCATION AND USE OF SCARCE RESOURCES (9-11) 6
  • Article   9.10 ENFORCEMENT 6
  • Article   9.11 RESOLUTION OF DOMESTIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS DISPUTES 6
  • Article   9.12 TRANSPARENCY 6
  • Article   9.13 FLEXIBILITY IN THE CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGIES 6
  • Article   9.14 FORBEARANCE AND MINIMAL REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 6
  • Article   9.15 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CHAPTERS 6
  • Article   9.16 DEFINITIONS 6
  • Chapter   10 FINANCIAL SERVICES 6
  • Article   10.1 SCOPE AND COVERAGE 6
  • Article   10.2 NATIONAL TREATMENT 6
  • Article   10.3 MOST-FAVORED-NATION TREATMENT 7
  • Article   10.4 MARKET ACCESS FOR FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 7
  • Article   10.5 CROSS-BORDER TRADE IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 7
  • Article   10.6 NEW FINANCIAL SERVICES 7
  • Article   10.7 TREATMENT OF CERTAIN INFORMATION 7
  • Article   10.8 SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND BOARDS OF DIRECTORS 7
  • Article   10.9 NON-CONFORMING MEASURES 7
  • Article   10.10 EXCEPTIONS 7
  • Article   10.11 TRANSPARENCY 7
  • Article   10.12 SELF-REGULATORY ORGANIZATIONS 7
  • Article   10.13 PAYMENT AND CLEARING SYSTEMS 7
  • Article   10.14 DOMESTIC REGULATION 7
  • Article   10.15 EXPEDITED AVAILABILITY OF INSURANCE SERVICES 7
  • Article   10.16 FINANCIAL SERVICES COMMITTEE 7
  • Article   10.17 CONSULTATIONS 7
  • Article   10.18 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 7
  • Article   10.19 INVESTMENT DISPUTES IN FINANCIAL SERVICES 7
  • Article   10.20 DEFINITIONS 7
  • Chapter   11 TEMPORARY ENTRY OF BUSINESS PERSONS 8
  • Article   11.1 DEFINITIONS 8
  • Article   11.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 8
  • Article   11.3 GENERAL OBLIGATIONS 8
  • Article   11.4 GRANT OF TEMPORARY ENTRY 8
  • Article   11.5 REGULATORY TRANSPARENCY 8
  • Article   11.6 PROVISION OF INFORMATION 8
  • Article   11.7 TEMPORARY ENTRY COORDINATORS 8
  • Article   11.8 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 8
  • Article   11.9 RELATION TO OTHER CHAPTERS 8
  • Annex 11A  8
  • Section   I BUSINESS VISITORS 8
  • Section   II TRADERS AND INVESTORS 8
  • Section   III INTRA-COMPANY TRANSFEREES 8
  • Section   IV PROFESSIONALS 8
  • Chapter   12 ANTICOMPETITIVE BUSINESS CONDUCT, DESIGNATED MONOPOLIES, AND GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 8
  • Article   12.1 OBJECTIVES 8
  • Article   12.2 ANTICOMPETITIVE BUSINESS CONDUCT 8
  • Article   12.3 DESIGNATED MONOPOLIES AND GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 8
  • Article   12.4 COOPERATION 8
  • Article   12.5 TRANSPARENCY AND INFORMATION REQUESTS 8
  • Article   12.6 CONSULTATIONS 8
  • Article   12.7 DISPUTES 8
  • Article   12.8 DEFINITIONS 8
  • Chapter   13 GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT 9
  • Article   13.1 GENERAL 9
  • Article   13.2 SCOPE AND COVERAGE 9
  • Article   13.3 INCORPORATION OF GPA PROVISIONS 9
  • Article   13.4 EXCEPTIONS 9
  • Article   13.5 MODIFICATIONS AND RECTIFICATIONS TO COVERAGE 9
  • Article   13.6 DEFINITIONS 9
  • Chapter   14 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 9
  • Article   14.1 GENERAL 9
  • Article   14.2 ELECTRONIC SUPPLY OF SERVICES 9
  • Article   14.3 DIGITAL PRODUCTS 9
  • Article   14.4 DEFINITIONS 9
  • Chapter   15 INVESTMENT 9
  • Section   A DEFINITIONS 9
  • Section   B INVESTMENT 10
  • Article   15.2 SCOPE AND COVERAGE 10
  • Article   15.3 RELATION TO OTHER CHAPTERS 10
  • Article   15.4 NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MOST-FAVORED-NATION TREATMENT 10
  • Article   15.5 MINIMUM STANDARD OF TREATMENT (15-8) 10
  • Article   15.6 EXPROPRIATION (15-9) 10
  • Article   15.7 TRANSFERS (15-10) 10
  • Article   15.8 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS (15-11) 10
  • Article   15.9 SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND BOARDS OF DIRECTORS 10
  • Article   15.10 INVESTMENT AND ENVIRONMENT 10
  • Article   15.11 DENIAL OF BENEFITS 10
  • Article   15.12 NON-CONFORMING MEASURES 10
  • Article   15.13 SPECIAL FORMALITIES AND INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS 10
  • Section   C INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 10
  • Article   15.14 CONSULTATION AND NEGOTIATION 10
  • Article   15.15 SUBMISSION OF A CLAIM TO ARBITRATION (15-12) 10
  • Article   15.16 CONSENT OF EACH PARTY TO ARBITRATION 11
  • Article   15.17 CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON CONSENT OF EACH PARTY 11
  • Article   15.18 SELECTION OF ARBITRATORS 11
  • Article   15.19 CONDUCT OF THE ARBITRATION 11
  • Article   15.20 TRANSPARENCY OF ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS 11
  • Article   15.21 GOVERNING LAW 11
  • Article   15.22 INTERPRETATION OF ANNEXES 11
  • Article   15.23 EXPERT REPORTS 11
  • Article   15.24 CONSOLIDATION 11
  • Article   15.25 AWARDS 11
  • Article   15.26 STATUS OF LETTER EXCHANGES 11
  • Article   15.27 SERVICE OF DOCUMENTS 11
  • Annex 15 A  TRANSFERS 11
  • Annex 15-B  PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 11
  • Annex 15-C  PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 11
  • Annex 15D  SERVICE OF DOCUMENTS ON A PARTY UNDER SECTION C 11
  • Chapter   16 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 11
  • Article   16.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS 11
  • Article   16.2 TRADEMARKS, INCLUDING GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 12
  • Article   16.3 DOMAIN NAMES ON THE INTERNET 12
  • Article   16.4 OBLIGATIONS COMMON TO COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 12
  • Article   16.5 OBLIGATIONS PERTAINING TO RELATED RIGHTS 12
  • Article   16.6 PROTECTION OF ENCRYPTED PROGRAM-CARRYING SATELLITE SIGNALS 12
  • Article   16.7 PATENTS 12
  • Article   16.8 CERTAIN REGULATED PRODUCTS 12
  • Article   16.9 ENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 12
  • Article   16.10 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 13
  • Chapter   17 LABOR 13
  • Article   17.1 STATEMENT OF SHARED COMMITMENT 13
  • Article   17.2 APPLICATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF LABOR LAWS 13
  • Article   17.3 PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES AND PUBLIC AWARENESS 13
  • Article   17.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 13
  • Article   17.5 LABOR COOPERATION 13
  • Article   17.6 LABOR CONSULTATIONS 13
  • Article   17.7 DEFINITIONS 13
  • Annex 17A  UNITED STATES - SINGAPORE LABOR COOPERATION MECHANISM 13
  • Chapter   18 ENVIRONMENT 13
  • Article   18.1 LEVELS OF PROTECTION 13
  • Article   18.2 APPLICATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS 13
  • Article   18.3 PROCEDURAL MATTERS 13
  • Article   18.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 13
  • Article   18.5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 13
  • Article   18.6 ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION 14
  • Article   18.7 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTATIONS 14
  • Article   18.8 RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS 14
  • Article   18.9 PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE STEWARDSHIP 14
  • Article   18.10 DEFINITIONS 14
  • Chapter   19 TRANSPARENCY 14
  • Article   19.1 DEFINITIONS 14
  • Article   19.2 CONTACT POINTS 14
  • Article   19.3 PUBLICATION 14
  • Article   19.4 NOTIFICATION AND PROVISION OF INFORMATION 14
  • Article   19.5 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 14
  • Article   19.6 REVIEW AND APPEAL 14
  • Chapter   20 ADMINISTRATION AND DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 14
  • Article   20.1 JOINT COMMITTEE 14
  • Article   20.2 ADMINISTRATION OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEEDINGS 14
  • Article   20.3 CONSULTATIONS 14
  • Article   20.4 ADDITIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES 14
  • Article   20.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FINAL REPORT 14
  • Article   20.6 NON-IMPLEMENTATION 14
  • Article   20.7 NON-IMPLEMENTATION IN CERTAIN DISPUTES 15
  • Article   20.8 COMPLIANCE REVIEW 15
  • Article   20.9 FIVE-YEAR REVIEW 15
  • Article   20.10 PRIVATE RIGHTS 15
  • Annex 20A  INFLATION ADJUSTMENT FORMULA FOR MONETARY ASSESSMENTS 15
  • Chapter   21 GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS 15
  • Article   21.1 GENERAL EXCEPTIONS 15
  • Article   21.2 ESSENTIAL SECURITY 15
  • Article   21.3 TAXATION 15
  • Article   21.4 DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION 15
  • Article   21.5 ANTI-CORRUPTION 15
  • Article   21.6 ACCESSION 15
  • Article   21.7 ANNEXES 15
  • Article   21.8 AMENDMENTS 15
  • Article   21.9 ENTRY INTO FORCE AND TERMINATION 15